The responses of the natural environment components to climate change of different periodicity in the South of the Central Russian Upland were studied. The modern interglacial period in the climatic cycle of the “glacial—interglacial” epochs is considered as the reflection of the Holocene self-development of the upper humus part of the chernozems’ profile. Less long period of self-development of zonal soils of the forest-steppe is substantiated for the profiles of automorphic gray forest soils of the region. These soils formed from chernozems due to the late Holocene cooling and the forests invasion on the steppes caused by it. The changes of natural environment components (soils, ground waters, swamp ecosystems) in heat—dry and cool—wet phases of intra-centennial climate changes (Brickner cycles) are compared. These changes were revealed based on the analysis of 127-year series of meteorological observations at the reference climatic station Bogoroditskoe-Fenino. The conceptual scheme of cyclical phenomena (increase of groundwater level, flooding, bogging, appearance of hydromorphic properties in soils, etc.) in connection with the intra-century climatic variability is proposed. The scheme’s important methodological principle is the different age and different characteristic times of development of processes and phenomena forming the study area geosystems under the climate change influence.