sergeogrИзвестия Российской академии наук. Серия географическаяIzvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya2587-55662658-697510.31857/S2587556620050076sergeogr-1152Research ArticleПриродные процессы и динамика геосистемNatural Processes and Dynamics of GeosystemsОценка темпов палеоденудации в горах: основные подходы и результатыEvaluation of the Paleodenudation Rates in the Mountains: Main Approaches and ResultsГрачевА. М.GrachevA. M.

Москва

Moscow

agrachev@igras.ruГолосовВ. Н.GolosovV. N.

Географический факультет

Москва

Faculty of Geography

Moscow

Институт географии РАНРоссияInstitute of Geography, Russian Academy of SciencesRussian FederationИнститут географии РАН; Московский государственный университет имени М.В. ЛомоносоваРоссияInstitute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences; Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityRussian Federation202006112020845704–714Copyright © Грачев А.М., Голосов В.Н., 20202020Грачев А.М., Голосов В.Н.Grachev A.M., Golosov V.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://izvestia.igras.ru/jour/article/view/1152

В статье систематизированы методы изучения темпов современной и палеоденудации и обобщены опубликованные данные об интенсивности палеоденудации, полученные на основе использования 10Be и комплекса методов изучения озерных отложений для горных стран различных регионов мира. Показано, что в настоящее время наиболее изученными территориями в плане оценки темпов палеоденудации являются Альпы, Тибет, Скалистые горы и Анды. Скорости палеоденудации, определенные для речных и озерных водосборов в различных частях мира, изменяются в широких пределах в интервале 2–3240 м/млн лет. Аналогично закономерности, выявленной для современной денудации, прослеживается высокая корреляция между темпами палеоденудации и уклонами водосборов. Тем не менее локальные ландшафтные особенности конкретных речных бассейнов и их изменения в течение голоцена определяют пространственную вариабельность и динамику изменений темпов денудации во времени. Роль деятельности человека усиливается и приводит к 10–100-кратному усилению денудации горных стран, в первую очередь в пределах предгорно-низкогорного пояса.

The article systematizes methods for studying modern and paleodenudation rates and summarizes the published data on the paleodenudation intensity obtained using 10Be and a set of methods for studying lake sediments for mountainous areas of different regions of the world. It has been shown that currently the most studied territories in terms of assessing paleodenudation rates are the European Alps, Tibet, the Rocky Mountains, and the Andes. Paleodenudation rates determined for river and lake catchments in various parts of the world vary over a wide range in the interval 2–3240 m/106 years. Similarly to the regularities revealed for modern denudation, there is a high correlation between the paleodenudation rates and the catchments slopes. Nevertheless, the local landscape features of specific river basins and their changes during the Holocene determine the spatial variability and dynamics of changes in the denudation rate over time. The role of human activity intensifies and leads to a 10 to 100-fold increase in the denudation of mountainous areas, primarily within the foothills and low mountains.

голоценгорыденудацияколичественные методыозерные осадки10BeHolocenemountainsdenudationquantitative methodslake sediments10BeРаздел данной работы по <sup>10</sup>Be подготовлен в рамках госзадания Института географии РАН 0148-2019-0005 (АААА-А19-119021990091-4). Работа над остальными разделами велась в рамках проекта РНФ №19-17-00181 “Количественная оценка бассейновой составляющей стока наносов и ее изменений в голоцене на реках Кавказа”.The section on <sup>10</sup>Be was prepared within the framework of the state-ordered research theme of the Institute of Geography RAS, no. 0148-2019-0005. The work on remaining sections was financially supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project no. 19-17-00181 (“Quantitative Assessment of the Slope Sediment Flux and Its Changes in the Holocene for the Caucasus Mountain Rivers”).ReferencesМозжерин В.В. Расчленение стока взвешенных наносов рек Северной Евразии на русловую и бассейновую составляющие и его геоморфологическая интерпретация. Региональные исследования природно-территориальных комплексов // Под ред. В.В. Сироткина, Р.Р. Денмухаметова. Казань: Меддок, 2012. С. 93–100.Moszherin V.V. Separation of suspended sediment yield of northern Eurasia rivers into channel and basin components and its geomorphological interpretation. In Regional’nie issledovaniya prirodno-territorial’nikh kompleksov [Regional Studies of Natural-Territorial Complexes]. Sirotkin V.V., Denmukhametov R.R., Eds. Kazan: Meddock Publ., 2012, pp. 93–100. (In Russ.).Соломина О.Н., Калугин И.А., Дарьин А.В., Чепурная A.A., Александрин M.Ю., Кудерина T.M. Использование геохимического и пыльцевого анализов отложении оз. Каракель для реконструкции климатических изменении в долине р. Теберда (Северный Кавказ) в позднем голоцене: возможности и ограничения // Вопросы географии. Сб. 137: Горные исследования. М.: Издательский дом Кодекс, 2014. С. 234–266.Solomina O.N., Kalugin I.A., Dar’in A.V., Chepurnaya A.A., Aleksandrin M.Yu., Kuderina T.M. The use of geochemical and pollen analyses of the sediments of Lake Karakel for reconstruction of climate change in the valley of the Teberda river (North Caucasus) in the Late Holocene: opportunities and limitations. Voprosy Geografii [Problems of Geography]. Vol. 137: Gornye Issledovaniya [Mountain Studies]. Moscow: Kodeks Publ., 2014, pp. 234–266. (In Russ.).Чепурная А.А., Новенко Е.Ю. База данных споровопыльцевых спектров территории России и сопредельных стран как инструмент палеоэкологических исследований // Изв. РАН. Сер. геогр. 2015. № 1. С. 119–128.Chepurnaya A.A., Novenko E.Yu. Database of sporepollen spectra of the territory of Russia and neighboring countries as an instrument of paleoecological research. Izv. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Geogr., 2015, no. 1, pp. 119–128. (In Russ.).Alexandrin M., Darin A., Kalugin I., Grachev A., Dolgova E., Solomina O. Annual sedimentary record from Lake Donguz-Orun (Central Caucasus) constrained by high resolution SR-XRF analysis and its potential for climate reconstructions // Frontiers in Earth Sci. 2018. V. 6. 158 p.Alexandrin M., Darin A., Kalugin I., Grachev A., Dolgova E., Solomina O. Annual sedimentary record from Lake Donguz-Orun (Central Caucasus) constrained by high resolution SR-XRF analysis and its potential for climate reconstructions. Front. Earth Sci., 2018, vol. 6, 158 p. doi 10.3389/feart.2018.00158Arnaud F., Révillon S., Debret M., Revel M., Chapron E., Jacob J., Giguet-Covex C., Poulenard J., Magny M. Lake Bourget regional erosion patterns reconstruction reveals Holocene NW European Alps soil evolution and paleohydrology // Quat. Sci. Rev. 2012. V. 51. P. 81–92.Arnaud F., Révillon S., Debret M., Revel M., Chapron E., Jacob J., Giguet-Covex C., Poulenard J., Magny M. Lake Bourget regional erosion patterns reconstruction reveals Holocene NW European Alps soil evolution and paleohydrology. Quat. Sci. Rev., 2012, vol. 51, pp. 81–92.Arnaud F., Poulenard J., Giguet-Covex C., Wilhelm B., Révillon S., Jenny J.-P., Marie Revel M., Enters D., Bajard M., Fouinat L., Doyen E., Simonneau A., Pignol C., Chapron E., Vannière B., Sabatier P. Erosion under climate and human pressures: An alpine lake sediment perspective // Quat. Sci. Rev. 2016. V. 152. P. 1–18.Arnaud F., Poulenard J., Giguet-Covex C., Wilhelm B., Révillon S., Jenny J.-P., Marie Revel M., Enters D., Bajard M., Fouinat L., Doyen E., Simonneau A., Pignol C., Chapron E., Vannière B., Sabatier P. Erosion under climate and human pressures: An alpine lake sediment perspective. Quat. Sci. Rev., 2016, vol. 152, pp. 1–18.Bajard M., Sabatier P., David F., Develle A.-L., Reyss J.-L., Fanget B. Malet E., Arnaud D., Augustin L., Crouzet C., Poulenard J., Arnaud F. Erosion record in lake La Thuile sediments (Prealps, France): Evidence of montane landscape dynamics throughout the Holocene // Holocene. 2015. V. 26. № 3. P. 350–364.Bajard M., Sabatier P., David F., Develle A.-L., Reyss J.-L., Fanget B. Malet E., Arnaud D., Augustin L., Crouzet C., Poulenard J., Arnaud F. Erosion record in lake La Thuile sediments (Prealps, France): Evidence of montane landscape dynamics throughout the Holocene. Holocene, 2015, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 350–364.Bookhagen B., Strecker M.R. Spatiotemporal trends in erosion rates across a pronounced rainfall gradient: Examples from the southern Central Andes // Earth and Planetary Sci. Let. 2012. V. 327. P. 97–110.Bookhagen B., Strecker M.R. Spatiotemporal trends in erosion rates across a pronounced rainfall gradient: Examples from the southern Central Andes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 2012, vol. 327, pp. 97–110.Breuer S., Kilian R., Baeza O., Lamy F., Arz H. Holocene denudation rates from the superhumid southernmost Chilean Patagonian Andes (53° S) deduced from lake sediment budgets // Geomorphology. 2013. V. 187. P. 135–152.Breuer S., Kilian R., Baeza O., Lamy F., Arz H. Holocene denudation rates from the superhumid southernmost Chilean Patagonian Andes (53° S) deduced from lake sediment budgets. Geomorphology, 2013, vol. 187, pp. 135–152.Catalan J., Pla-Rabés S., Wolfe A.P., Smol J.P., Rühland K.M., Anderson N.J. Kopáček J., Stuchlík E., Schmidt R., Koinig K.A., Camarero L., Flower R.J., Heiri O., Kamenik C., Korhola A., Leavitt P.R., Psenner R., Renberg I. Global change revealed by palaeolimnological records from remote lakes: a review // J. Paleolimnology. 2013. V. 49. № 3. P. 513–535.Catalan J., Pla-Rabés S., Wolfe A.P., Smol J.P., Rühland K.M., Anderson N.J. Kopáček J., Stuchlík E., Schmidt R., Koinig K.A., Camarero L., Flower R.J., Heiri O., Kamenik C., Korhola A., Leavitt P.R., Psenner R., Renberg I. Global change revealed by palaeolimnological records from remote lakes: a review. J. Paleolimnol., 2013, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 513–535.Chassiot L., Miras Y., Chapron E., Develle A.L., Arnaud F., Motelica-Heino M., Di Giovanni C. A 7000-year environmental history and soil erosion record inferred from the deep sediments of Lake Pavin (Massif Central, France) // Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2018. V. 497. P. 218–233.Chassiot L., Miras Y., Chapron E., Develle A.L., Arnaud F., Motelica-Heino M., Di Giovanni C. A 7000year environmental history and soil erosion record inferred from the deep sediments of Lake Pavin (Massif Central, France). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 2018, vol. 497, pp. 218–233.Colombaroli D., Gavin D.G., Morey A.E., Thorndycraft V.R. High resolution lake sediment record reveals self-organized criticality in erosion processes regulated by internal feedbacks // Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 2018. V. 43. № 10. P. 2181–2192.Colombaroli D., Gavin D.G., Morey A.E., Thorndycraft V.R. High resolution lake sediment record reveals self-organized criticality in erosion processes regulated by internal feedbacks. Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 2018, vol. 43, no. 10, pp. 2181–2192.Dearing J.A., Alström K., Bergman A., Regnell J., Sandgren P. Past and present erosion in southern Sweden / In Soil Erosion on Agricultural Land. J. Boardman, I. Foster, J. Dearing (Eds.). Chichester: John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 1990. 687 p.Dearing J.A., Alström K., Bergman A., Regnell J., Sandgren P. Past and present erosion in southern Sweden. In Soil Erosion on Agricultural Land. Boardman J., Foster I., Dearing J., Eds. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1990, 687 p.Dearing J.A., Jones R.T. Coupling temporal and spatial dimensions of global sediment flux through lake and marine sediment records // Global and Planetary Change. 2003. V. 39. № 1–2. P. 147–168.Dearing J.A., Jones R.T. Coupling temporal and spatial dimensions of global sediment flux through lake and marine sediment records. Global Planet. Change, 2003, vol. 39, no. 1–2, pp. 147–168.Dearing J., Braimoh A., Reenberg A., Turner B., Van der Leeuw S. Complex land systems: the need for long time perspectives to assess their future // Ecology and Society. 2010. V. 15. № 4.Dearing J., Braimoh A., Reenberg A., Turner B., Van der Leeuw S. Complex land systems: the need for long time perspectives to assess their future. Ecol. Soc., 2010, vol. 15, no. 4.Doyen E., Begeot C., Simonneau A., Millet L., Chapron E., Arnaud F., Vanniere B. Land use development and environmental responses since the neolithic around Lake Paladru in the French pre-alps // J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep. 2016. V. 7. P. 48–59.Doyen E., Begeot C., Simonneau A., Millet L., Chapron E., Arnaud F., Vanniere B. Land use development and environmental responses since the neolithic around Lake Paladru in the French pre-alps. J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep., 2016, vol. 7, pp. 48–59.Dubois N., Saulnier-Talbot É., Mills K., Gell P., Battarbee R., Bennion H., Chawchai S., Dong X., Francus P., Flower R., Gomes D.F., Gregory-Eaves I., Humane S., Kattel G., Jenny J.P., Langdon P., Massaferro J., McGowan S., Mikomägi A., Ngoc N.T.M., Ratnayake A.S., Reid M., Rose N., Saros J., Schillereff D., Tolotti M., Valero-Garcés B. First human impacts and responses of aquatic systems: A review of palaeolimnological records from around the world // The Anthropocene Review. 2018. V. 5. № 1. P. 28–68.Dubois N., Saulnier-Talbot É., Mills K., Gell P., Battarbee R., Bennion H., Chawchai S., Dong X., Francus P., Flower R., Gomes D.F., Gregory-Eaves I., Humane S., Kattel G., Jenny J.P., Langdon P., Massaferro J., McGowan S., Mikomägi A., Ngoc N.T.M., Ratnayake A.S., Reid M., Rose N., Saros J., Schillereff D., Tolotti M., Valero-Garcés B. First human impacts and responses of aquatic systems: A review of palaeolimnological records from around the world. Anthropocene Rev., 2018, vol. 5, no.1, pp. 28–68.Francke A., Dosseto A., Panagiotopoulos K., Leicher N., Lacey J.H., Kyrikou S., Wagner B., Zanchetta G., Kouli K., Leng M.J. Sediment residence time reveals Holocene shift from climatic to vegetation control on catchment erosion in the Balkans // Global and Planet. Change. 2019. V. 177. P. 186–200.Francke A., Dosseto A., Panagiotopoulos K., Leicher N., Lacey J.H., Kyrikou S., Wagner B., Zanchetta G., Kouli K., Leng M.J. Sediment residence time reveals Holocene shift from climatic to vegetation control on catchment erosion in the Balkans. Global Planet. Change, 2019, vol. 177, pp. 186–200.Garcin Y., Schildgen T.F., Acosta V.T., Melnick D., Guillemoteau J., Willenbring J., Strecker M.R. Short-lived increase in erosion during the African Humid Period: Evidence from the northern Kenya Rift // Earth and Planet. Sci. Let. 2017. V. 459. P. 58–69.Garcin Y., Schildgen T.F., Acosta V.T., Melnick D., Guillemoteau J., Willenbring J., Strecker M.R. Shortlived increase in erosion during the African Humid Period: Evidence from the northern Kenya Rift. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 2017, vol. 459, pp. 58–69.Giguet-Covex C., Arnaud F., Poulenard J., Disnar J.-R., Delhon C., Francus P., David F., Enters D., Rey P.-J., Delannoy J.-J. Changes in erosion patterns during the Holocene in a currently treeless subalpine catchment inferred from lake sediment geochemistry (Lake Anterne, 2063 m a.s.l., NW French Alps): The role of climate and human activities // Holocene. 2011. V. 21. № 4. P. 651–665.Giguet-Covex C., Arnaud F., Poulenard J., Disnar J.-R., Delhon C., Francus P., David F., Enters D., Rey P.-J., Delannoy J.-J. Changes in erosion patterns during the Holocene in a currently treeless subalpine catchment inferred from lake sediment geochemistry (Lake Anterne, 2063 m a. s. l., NW French Alps): The role of climate and human activities. Holocene, 2011, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 651–665.Golosov V.N., Belyaev V.R., Markelov M.V., Kislenko K.S. Overbank sedimentation rates on the floodplains of small rivers in Central European Russia // In Sediment dynamics for a changing future. V. 337 of IAHS Publ. Wallingford, UK, IAHS Press, 2010. P. 129–136.Golosov V.N., Belyaev V.R., Markelov M.V., Kislenko K.S. Overbank sedimentation rates on the floodplains of small rivers in central European Russia. In Sediment Dynamics for a Changing Future. Wallingford, UK: IAHS Press, 2010, pp. 129–136.Granger D.E., Schaller M. Cosmogenic nuclides and erosion at the watershed scale // Elements. 2014. V. 10. № 5. P. 369–373.Granger D.E., Schaller M. Cosmogenic nuclides and erosion at the watershed scale. Elements, 2014, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 369–373.Grischott R., Kober F., Lupker M., Reitner J.M., Drescher-Schneider R., Hajdas I., Christl M., Willett S.D. Millennial scale variability of denudation rates for the last 15 kyr inferred from the detrital10 Be record of Lake Stappitz in the Hohe Tauern massif, Austrian Alps // Holocene. 2017. V. 27. № 12. P. 1914–1927.Grischott R., Kober F., Lupker M., Reitner J.M., Drescher-Schneider R., Hajdas I., Christl M., Willett S.D. Millennial scale variability of denudation rates for the last 15 kyr inferred from the detrital10 Be record of Lake Stappitz in the Hohe Tauern massif, Austrian Alps. Holocene, 2017, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 1914–1927.Gusarov A.V., Golosov V.N., Ivanov M.M., Sharifullin A.G. Influence of relief characteristics and landscape connectivity on sediment redistribution in small agricultural catchments in the forest-steppe landscape zone of the Russian Plain within European Russia // Geomorphology. 2019. V. 327. P. 230–247.Gusarov A.V., Golosov V.N., Ivanov M.M., Sharifullin A.G. Influence of relief characteristics and landscape connectivity on sediment redistribution in small agricultural catchments in the forest-steppe landscape zone of the Russian Plain within European Russia. Geomorphology, 2019, vol. 327, pp. 230–247.Hilger L., Beylich A.A. Sediment Budgets in HighMountain Areas: Review and Challenges // In Geomorphology of Proglacial Systems. Springer, 2019. P. 251–269.Hilger L., Beylich A.A. Sediment budgets in highmountain areas: Review and challenges. In Geomorphology of Proglacial Systems. Heckmann T., Morche D., Eds. Cham: Springer, 2019, pp. 251–269.Hinderer M., Einsele G. The world’s large lake basins as denudation-accumulation systems and implications of their lifetimes // J. Paleolimnology. 2001. V. 26. № 4. P. 355–372.Hinderer M., Einsele G. The world’s large lake basins as denudation-accumulation systems and implications of their lifetimes. J. Paleolimnol., 2001, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 355–372.Joannin S., Magny M., Peyron O., Vanniere B., Galop D. Climate and land- use change during the late Holocene at Lake Ledro (Southern Alps, Italy) // Holocene. 2014. V. 24. № 5. P. 591–602.Joannin S., Magny M., Peyron O., Vanniere B., Galop D. Climate and land- use change during the late Holocene at Lake Ledro (Southern Alps, Italy). Holocene, 2014, vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 591–602.Larsen I.J., Montgomery D.R., Greenberg H.M. The contribution of mountains to global denudation // Geology. 2014. V. 42. № 6. P. 527–530.Larsen I.J., Montgomery D.R., Greenberg H.M. The contribution of mountains to global denudation. Geology, 2014, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 527–530.Lauterbach S., Chapron E., Brauer A., Huls M., Gilli A., Arnaud F., Piccin A., Nomade J., Desmet M., von Grafenstein U., DecLakes Participants A sedimentary record of Holocene surface runoff events and earthquake activity from Lake Iseo (Southern Alps, Italy) // Holocene. 2012. V. 22. № 7. P. 749–760.Lauterbach S., Chapron E., Brauer A., Huls M., Gilli A., Arnaud F., Piccin A., Nomade J., Desmet M., von Grafenstein U., DecLakes Participants. A sedimentary record of Holocene surface runoff events and earthquake activity from Lake Iseo (Southern Alps, Italy). Holocene, 2012, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 749–760.Lupker M., France-Lanord C., Lavé J., Bouchez J., Galy V., Métivier F., Gaillardet J., Lartiges B., Mugnier J.-L. A Rouse-based method to integrate the chemical composition of river sediments: Application to the Ganga basin // J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf. 2011. V. 116 (F4).Lupker M., France-Lanord C., Lavé J., Bouchez J., Galy V., Métivier F., Gaillardet J., Lartiges B., Mugnier J.-L. A Rouse-based method to integrate the chemical composition of river sediments: Application to the Ganga basin. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 2011, vol. 116, no. F4.Mills K., Schillereff D., Saulnier-Talbot É., Gell P., Anderson N.J., Arnaud F., Dong X., JonesM., McGowan S., Massaferro J., Moorhouse H., Perez L., Ryves D.B. Deciphering long-term records of natural variability and human impact as recorded in lake sediments: a palaeolimnological puzzle // Wiley Interdisciplinary Rev.: Water. 2017. V. 4. № 2. e1195.Mills K., Schillereff D., Saulnier-Talbot É., Gell P., Anderson N.J., Arnaud F., Dong X., JonesM., McGowan S., Massaferro J., Moorhouse H., Perez L., Ryves D.B. Deciphering long-term records of natural variability and human impact as recorded in lake sediments: a palaeolimnological puzzle. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 2017, vol. 4, no. 2, e1195.Mishra A.K., Placzek C., Jones R. Coupled influence of precipitation and vegetation on millennial-scale erosion rates derived from10 Be // PLoS ONE. 2019. V. 14. № 1. e0211325 and the Supplement.Mishra A.K., Placzek C., Jones R. Coupled influence of precipitation and vegetation on millennial-scale erosion rates derived from10 Be. PLoS ONE, 2019, vol. 14, no. 1, e0211325 and the Supplement.Noel H., Garbolino E., Brauer A., Lallier-Verges E., de Beaulieu J.-L., Disnar J.-R. Human impact and soil erosion during the last 5000 yrs as recorded in lacustrine sedimentary organic matter at Lac d’Annecy, the French Alps // J. Paleolimnol. 2001. V. 25. P. 229–244.Noel H., Garbolino E., Brauer A., Lallier-Verges E., de Beaulieu J.-L., Disnar J.-R. Human impact and soil erosion during the last 5000 yrs as recorded in lacustrine sedimentary organic matter at Lac d’Annecy, the French Alps. J. Paleolimnol., 2001, vol. 25, pp. 229–244.Panin A. Land-ocean sediment transfer in palaeotimes, and implications for present-day natural fluvial fluxes // Sediment transfer through the fluvial system / V. Golosov, V. Belyaev, D.E. Walling (Eds.). IAHS Publ., 2004. V. 288. P. 115–124.Panin A. Land-ocean sediment transfer in palaeotimes, and implications for present-day natural fluvial fluxes. In Sediment Transfer through the Fluvial System. Golosov V., Belyaev V., Walling D.E., Eds. IAHS Publ., vol. 288. IAHS, 2004, pp. 115–124.Robbins J.A., Edgington D.N. Determination of recent sedimentation rates in Lake Michigan using Pb-210 and Cs-137 // Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 1975. V. 39. P. 285–304.Robbins J.A., Edgington D.N. Determination of recent sedimentation rates in Lake Michigan using Pb-210 and Cs-137. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1975, vol. 39, pp. 285–304.Rothacker L., Dosseto A., Francke A., Chivas A.R., Vigier N., Kotarba-Morley A.M., Menozzi D. Impact of climate change and human activity on soil landscapes over the past 12.300 years // Sci. Rep. 2018. V. 8. № 1. P. 1–7.Rothacker L., Dosseto A., Francke A., Chivas A.R., Vigier N., Kotarba-Morley A.M., Menozzi D. Impact of climate change and human activity on soil landscapes over the past 12300 years. Sci. Rep., 2018, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–7.Swierczynski T., Lauterbach S., Dulski P., Delgado J., Merz B., Brauer A. Mid- to late Holocene flood frequency changes in the northeastern Alps as recorded in varved sediments of Lake Mondsee (Upper Austria) // Quat. Sci. Rev. 2013. V. 80. P. 78–90.Swierczynski T., Lauterbach S., Dulski P., Delgado J., Merz B., Brauer A. Mid-to late Holocene flood frequency changes in the northeastern Alps as recorded in varved sediments of Lake Mondsee (Upper Austria). Quat. Sci. Rev., 2013, vol. 80, 78–90.Turowski J.M., Cook K.L. Field techniques for measuring bedrock erosion and denudation // Earth Surf. Process. Landforms. 2017. V. 42. P. 109–127.Turowski J.M., Cook K.L. Field techniques for measuring bedrock erosion and denudation. Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 2017, vol. 42, pp. 109–127.Zolitschka B.A. 14.000 year sediment yield record from western Germany based on annually laminated lake sediments // Geomorphology. 1998. V. 22. № 1. P. 1–17.Zolitschka B. A 14,000 year sediment yield record from western Germany based on annually laminated lake sediments. Geomorphology, 1998, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 1–17.Zolitschka B. Dating based on freshwater-and marinelaminated sediments / In Global change in the Holocene, 2003. P. 92–106.Zolitschka B. Dating based on freshwater-and marinelaminated sediments. In Global change in the Holocene. Mackay A., Battarbee R., Birks J., Oldfield F., Eds. Routledge, 2003, pp. 92–106.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.