<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sergeogr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия Российской академии наук. Серия географическая</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-5566</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6975</issn><publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S2587556621040051</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sergeogr-1357</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Региональные географические проблемы</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Regional Geographical Problems</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Климатический эффект восстановления лесов в дельте р. Или</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Climate Effect of the Ili Delta Reforestation</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Липка</surname><given-names>О. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lipka</surname><given-names>O. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">olipka@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Замолодчиков</surname><given-names>Д. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zamolodchikov</surname><given-names>D. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каганов</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kaganov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мазманянц</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mazmaniants</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алматы</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Almaty</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исупова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Isupova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алейников</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aleinikov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт глобального климата и экологии имени академика Ю. А. Израэля<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Izrael Institute of Global Climate and Ecology<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Центр по проблемам экологии и продуктивности лесов РАН<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">WWF России – Центрально-азиатская программа<country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">WWF Russia – Central Asian Programme<country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт водных проблем РАН<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Water Problems Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru">ГК “СКАНЭКС”<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">SKANEKS GROUPS<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>03</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>85</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>579</fpage><lpage>594</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Липка О.Н., Замолодчиков Д.Г., Каганов В.В., Мазманянц Г.А., Исупова М.В., Алейников А.А., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Липка О.Н., Замолодчиков Д.Г., Каганов В.В., Мазманянц Г.А., Исупова М.В., Алейников А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lipka O.N., Zamolodchikov D.G., Kaganov V.V., Mazmaniants G.A., Isupova M.V., Aleinikov A.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://izvestia.igras.ru/jour/article/view/1357">https://izvestia.igras.ru/jour/article/view/1357</self-uri><abstract><p>Климатический эффект восстановления лесов имеет комплексный характер: как средство адаптации к изменению климата и как средство по поглощению и долгосрочному хранению углерода (митигационный эффект). В статье рассматривается совокупность мер по лесовосстановлению, направленных на сохранение экосистем оз. Балхаш и низовьев р. Или, которые позволят снизить их уязвимость к изменениям климата и антропогенным факторам. Как деятельность по адаптации к изменению климата восстановление тугайных лесов призвано повысить водорегулирующую и средообразующую функции дельты р. Или, что позволит стабилизировать водный режим оз. Балхаш и увеличить устойчивость его экосистем к изменениям климата. Создаваемые лесные насаждения будут накапливать углерод в пулах фитомассы, мертвой древесины, подстилки и почвы. Охарактеризована расчетная методика, позволяющая осуществлять прогноз поглощения углерода пулом фитомассы создаваемых лесных культур при наличии отрывочных данных по динамике таксационных показателей. Найденные величины поглощения углерода применены к сценариям лесовосстановления по отдельным лесообразующим породам. Согласно полученным прогнозам, лесовосстановление в дельте р. Или на площади 200 тыс. га в течение 30 лет приведет к накоплению древостоем 7 Мт С, что соответствует поглощению 1.15 т С/га/год.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The scientific rationale for ecosystem-based adaptation projects is comprehensive. This work considers a set of measures aimed at preserving the ecosystems of Lake Balkhash and the Ili River that are vulnerable to current climate change. Adaptation activities, in particular, the restoration of tugai forests, are designed to increase the water-regulating and environmental-forming functions of the Ili River Delta, which will increase the stabilization of the water regime of Lake Balkhash and the resilience of its ecosystems to any climate change scenarios in the region. In addition, forest plantations will accumulate carbon in pools of phytomass, deadwood, litter, and soil. The paper describes the calculation methodology, which makes it possible to predict carbon uptake by the pool of phytomass of the planted forests using fragmentary data on the dynamics of taxation indicators. The obtained values of carbon absorption by the tree phytomass are applied to reforestation scenarios that set the rate of reforestation by tree species. According to the forecasts received, reforestation in the Ili River Delta on the area of 200 thous. ha over 30 years will lead to the accumulation of 7 Mt C by tree phytomass, which corresponds to a normalized absorption of 1.15 t C/ha/year. The mitigation effect of the project is quite sufficient to have independent value.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>изменение климата</kwd><kwd>адаптация к изменениям климата</kwd><kwd>оз. Балхаш</kwd><kwd>р. Или</kwd><kwd>дельта</kwd><kwd>лесовосстановление</kwd><kwd>фитомасса древостоев</kwd><kwd>поглощение углерода</kwd><kwd>прогнозные расчеты</kwd><kwd>климатические проекты</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>climate change</kwd><kwd>ecosystem-based adaptation</kwd><kwd>Lake Balkhash</kwd><kwd>Ili River Delta</kwd><kwd>reforestation</kwd><kwd>tree phytomass</kwd><kwd>carbon sequestration</kwd><kwd>forecast analysis</kwd><kwd>climate projects</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Работы выполнены при поддержке WWF России (дистанционное зондирование и пр.), тем госзадания № АААА-А20-120070990079-6 ФГБУ “ИГКЭ” и № АААА-А18-118052590019-7 ФГБУН Центр по проблемам экологии и продуктивности лесов РАН (прогнозные расчеты) и проекта Российского научного фонда № 19-77-30015 (поглощение углерода лесными культурами).</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The research was carried out with the support of WWF Russia (remote sensing analysis, glaciers, and hydrology), within the framework of the state-ordered research themes no. AAAA-A20-120070990079-6 of the Izrael Institute of Global Climate and Ecology and no. AAAA-A18-118052590019-7 of the Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences (forecast calculations), and with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation, project no. 19-77-30015 (carbon sequestration by forest plantations).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Атлас мирового водного баланса. М.–Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1974. 65 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Atlas funktsional’nogo zonirovaniya Balkhashskogo raiona Almatinskoi oblasti [Atlas of Functional Zoning of the Balkhash District of the Almaty Region]. Astana: PROON, 2016. 64 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Байкенова Г.Г., Вьюхина А. Экологические проблемы озера Балхаш // Экологические проблемы региона и пути их разрешения. Май 2018. С. 256–260.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Atlas mirovogo vodnogo balansa [The Atlas of World Water Balance]. Moscow–Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat Publ., 1974. 65 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Галаева А.В. Изменение стока реки Или на участке от гидрометрического створа 164 км выше Капшагайской ГЭС до урочища Капшагай // Вестн. КРСУ. 2014. Т. 14. № 7. С. 93–95.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baikenova G.G., V’yukhina A. Ecological problems of Lake Balkhash. In Ekologicheskie problemy regiona i puti ikh razresheniya [Ecological Problems of the Region and Ways to Solve Them]. Omsk: Omsk. Gos. Tekhn. Univ., 2018, pp. 256–260. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горобец А.И., Таранков В.И., Сизых В.Н. Сравнительная оценка углерододепонирующей и кислород продуцирующей функций дубравы и ветляника // Лесной вестник. 2009. № 3. С. 43–48.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davidov M.V. Growth and productivity of the plantations of the willow (Salix alba L.). Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Lesnoi Zh., 1962, no. 5, pp. 9–14. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Давидов М.В. Рост и продуктивность насаждений ветлы (Salix alba L.) // Изв. ВУЗов. Лесной журн. 1962. № 5. С. 9–14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dolgushin L.D., Osipova G.B. Ledniki [Glaciers]. Mos-cow: Mysl’ Publ., 1989. 447 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Долгушин Л.Д., Осипова Г.Б. Ледники / Природа Мира. М.: Мысль, 1989. 447 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ezhegodnyi byulleten’ monitoringa sostoyaniya i izmeneniya klimata Kazakhstana: 2017 god [Annual Bulletin of the Monitoring of the Climate State and Change in Kazakhstan: 2017]. Astana: Kazgidromet, 2018. 60 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Замолодчиков Д.Г. Оценка пула углерода крупных древесных остатков в лесах России с учетом влияния пожаров и рубок // Лесоведение. 2009. № 4. С. 3–15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Forests and Water Valuation and Payments for Forest Ecosystem Services. Geneva: FAO, UNECE, 2018. 108 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Замолодчиков Д.Г., Каганов В.В., Липка О.Н. Потенциальное поглощение углерода фитомассой древостоя при восстановлении тугайных лесов // Лесоведение. 2020. № 2. С. 115–126.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galaeva А.V. Change in the flow of the Ili River in the section from the gauging section 164 km upstream of the Kapshagai hydroelectric power station to the Kapshagai valley. Vestn. KRSU, 2014, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 93–95. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Казгидромет. Ежегодный бюллетень мониторинга состояния и изменения климата Казахстана: 2017 год. Астана, 2018. 60 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry. IPCC, 2003. Available at: https://www.ipcc–ghnggip.iges.or.jp/public/gpglulucf/gpglulucf_languages.html (accessed: 08.07.2020).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Михайлов В.Н. Устья рек России и сопредельных стран: прошлое, настоящее и будущее. М.: ГЕОС, 1997. 413 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorobets A.I., Tarankov V.I., Sizykh V.N. Comparative assessment of carbon sequestration and oxygen-producing functions of oak and willow. Lesnoi Vestn., 2009, no. 3, pp. 43–48. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Муратчаева П.М.-С. Мониторинг состояния древесных пород в искусственных насаждениях Терско-Кумской низменности // Аридные экосистемы. 2014. Т. 20. № 1 (58). С. 39–44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guo L., Xia Z. Temperature and precipitation long-term trends and variations in the Ili-Balkhash Basin. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 2014, vol. 115, pp. 219–229. doi 10.1007/s00704-013-0883-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Насынбаев Е. Вокруг Астаны будет применен китайский опыт лесопосадок на засоленных землях // Today.kz от 2016-05-30. http://today.kz/news/zhizn/2016-05-30/718441-vokrug-astanyi-budet-primenenkitajskij-opyit-lesoposadok-na-zasolennyih-zemlyah/ (дата обращения 08.07.2020).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ili River Delta and South Lake Balkhash. Ramsar Sites Information Service, 2012. Available at: https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2020 (accessed: 08.07.2020).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Попова В.П., Шиварева С.П., Домран А.О. Водный баланс озера Балхаш за период с 2000 по 2009 годы // Гидрометеорология и экология. 2010. № 4. С. 92– 100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) – 2009– 2012 version. Ili River Delta and South Lake Balkhash. Date this sheet was completed/updated: May 16, 2011. Available at: https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RIS-rep/KZ2020RIS.pdf (accessed: 08.07.2020).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ПРООН. Атлас функционального зонирования Балхашского района Алматинской области. Астана, 2016. 64 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">IPCC Climate Change and Land: an IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, And Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Shukla P.R., Skea J., CalvoBuendia E., Masson-Delmotte V., Pörtner H.-O., Roberts D.C., Zhai P., Slade R., Connors S., van Diemen R., Ferrat M., Haughey E., Luz S., Neogi S., Pathak M., Petzold J., Portugal Pereira J., Vyas P., Huntley E., Kissick K., Belkacemi M., Malley J., Eds. 2019. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/ (accessed: 14.05.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Седьмое национальное Сообщение и третий двухгодичный Доклад Республики Казахстан Рамочной конвенции ООН об изменении климата. Астана, 2017. 304 с. http://sustainable.eep.kz/upload/RUS_-Saulet_Report_12-2017_RUS.pdf (дата обращения 08.07.2020).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Isupova M. V. The effects of the Ili River runoff and water regulation function of the delta on the changing water level of Balkhash Lake depending on the delta forest coverage. Water Resour., 2019, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. S29–S42.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сипович В.В. Исследование хода роста туранговых насаждений // Изв. ВУЗов. Лесной журн. 1963. № 2. С. 27–29.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loni A., Radnezhad H., Martynova-Van Kley A., Hassanvand A., Sadeghi, M., Zaremanesh H. The role of Haloxylon plantations in improving carbon sequestration potential of sand dunes of Iran. Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res., 2018, vol. 16 (1), pp. 321–333.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стародубцев В.М., Трускавецкий С.Р. Процессы опустынивания в дельте реки Или под воздействием антропогенной нагрузки // Водные ресурсы. 2011. Т. 38. № 2. С. 248–251.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mikhailov V.N. Ust’ya rek Rossii i sopredel’nykh stran: proshloe, nastoyashchee i budushchee [River Mouths of Russia and Neighboring Countries: Past, Present, and Future]. Moscow: GEOS Publ., 1997. 413 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Уткин А.И., Замолодчиков Д.Г., Гульбе Т.А., Гульбе Я.И. Аллометрические уравнения для фитомассы по данным деревьев сосны, ели, березы и осины в европейской части России // Лесоведение. 1996. № 6. С. 36–46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Muratchaeva P.M.-S. Monitoring of growth and condition of tree species inartificial plantings of Terek-Kuma lowland. Arid. Ekosist., 2014, vol. 20, no. 1 (58), pp. 39–44. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шиварева С.П., Галаева А.В. Анализ изменения стока в бассейне р. Или в пределах Казахстана и Китая в связи с климатическими изменениями // Гидрометеорология и экология. 2014. № 1. С. 68–80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasynbaev E. The chinese experience of forest planting on saline lands will be applied around Astana. Today.kz, 30 May, 2016. Available at: http://today.kz/news/zhizn/2016-05-30/718441-vokrug-astanyi-budetprimenen-kitajskij-opyit-lesoposadok-na-zasolennyih-zemlyah/ (accessed: 08.07.2020). (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">FAO, UNECE. Forests and Water Valuation and payments for forest ecosystem services. Geneva, 2018. 108 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popova V.P., Shivareva S.P., Domran A.O. The water balance of Lake Balkhash for the period from 2000 to 2009. Gidrometeorol. Ekol., 2010, no. 4, pp. 92–100. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guo L., Xia Z. Temperature and precipitation long-term trends and variations in the Ili-Balkhash Basin // The-or. Appl. Climatol. 2014. Vol. 115. P. 219–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-013-0883-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sed’moe natsional’noe Soobshchenie i tretii dvukhgodichnyi Doklad Respubliki Kazakhstan Ramochnoi konventsii OON ob izmenenii klimata [Seventh National Communication and Third Biennial Report of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change]. Astana, 2017. 302 p. Available at: http://sustainable.eep.kz/upload/RUS_Saulet_Report_12-2017_RUS.pdf (accessed 08.07.2020). (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ili River Delta and South Lake Balkhash / Ramsar Sites Information Service, 2012. https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2020 (дата обращения 08.07.2020).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shivareva S.P., Galaeva A.V. Analysis of runoff changes in the Ili River Basin on the territory of Kazakhstan and China due to climate change. Gidrometeorol. Ekol., 2014, no. 1, pp. 68–80. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS). 2009– 2012 ver. Ili River Delta and South Lake Balkhash (Дельта реки Или и южная часть озера Балхаш). Date this sheet was completed/updated. May 16, 2011. https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/KZ2020RIS.pdf (дата обращения 08.07.2020).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sipovich V.V. Study of the turanga plantations growth rate. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Lesnoi Zh., 1963, no. 2, pp. 27–29. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">IPCC 2003. Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry. https://www.ipcc–nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gpglulucf/gpglulucf_languages.html (дата обращения 08.07.2020).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Starodubtsev V.M., Truskavetskiy S.R. Desertification processes in the Ili River delta under anthropogenic pressure. Water Resour., 2011, vol. 38, pp. 253. doi 10.1134/S0097807811010167</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">IPCC 2019: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems / P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. Calvo-Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, P. Zhai, R. Slade, S. Connors, R. van Diemen, M. Ferrat, E. Haughey, S. Luz, S. Neogi, M. Pathak, J. Petzold, J. Portugal Pereira, P. Vyas, E. Huntley, K. Kissick, M. Belkacemi, J. Malley (eds.). https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/ (дата обращения 14.05.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suganuma H., Ito T., Tanouchi H., Egashira Y., Kurosawa K., Kojima T. Estimation of carbon sequestration potential of arid land afforestation using satellite image analysis and ground truth. J. Arid Land Stud., 2012, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 69–72.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Isupova M.V. The Effects of the Ili River Runoff and Water Regulation Function of the Delta on the Changing Water Level of Balkhash Lake Depending on the Delta Forest Coverage // Water Res. 2019. Vol. 46. Suppl. 1. P. S29–S42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Utkin A.I., Zamolodchikov D.G., Gul’be T.A., Gul’beYa.I. Allometric equations for phytomass according to pine, spruce, birch and aspen trees in the European part of Russia. Lesovedenie, 1996, no. 6, pp. 36–46. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Loni A., Radnezhad H., Martynova-Van Kley A., Hassanvand A., Sadeghi M., Zaremanesh H. The role of Haloxylon plantations in improving carbon sequestration potential of sand dunes of Iran // Applied Ecol. and Environ. Res. 2018. Vol. 16 (1). P. 321–333.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zamolodchikov D.G. Assessment of the carbon pool of large wood residues in the forests of Russia, taking into account the effects of fires and logging. Lesovedenie, 2009, no. 4, pp. 3–15. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Suganuma H., Ito T., Tanouchi H., Egashira Y., Kurosawa K., Kojima T. Estimation of carbon sequestration potential of arid land afforestation using satellite image analysis and ground truth // J. Arid Land Stud. 2012. Vol. 22. № 1. P. 69–72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zamolodchikov D.G., Kaganov V.V., Lipka O.N. Potential carbon absorption by tree-stand phytomass in the course of tugai forest restoration. Contemp. Probl. Ecol., 2020, vol. 13, pp. 720–729. doi 10.1134/S1995425520070148</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang Y.-Q., Liu J.-B., Jia X., Qin S.-G. Soil organic carbon accumulation in arid and semiarid areas after afforestation: a meta-analysis // Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2013. Vol. 22. № 2. P. 611–620.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang Y.-Q., Liu J.-B., Jia X., Qin S.-G. Soil organic carbon accumulation in arid and semiarid areas after afforestation: a meta-analysis. Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 2013, vol. 22, no. 2, pр. 611–620.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou W., Gong P., Gao L. A review of carbon forest development in China // Forests. 2017. Vol. 8: 295. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8080295</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou W., Gong P., Gao L. A review of carbon forest development in China. Forests, 2017, vol. 8, pp. 295. doi 10.3390/f8080295</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou X., Brandle J.R., Schoeneberger M.M., Awada T. Developing above-ground woody biomass equations for open-grown, multiple-stemmed tree species: Shelter-belt-grown Russian-olive // Ecol. Modelling. 2007. Vol. 202. № 3–4. P. 311–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.10.024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou X., Brandle J.R., Schoeneberger M.M., Awada T. Developing above-ground woody biomass equations for open-grown, multiple-stemmed tree species: Shelterbelt-grown Russian-olive. Ecol. Model., 2007, vol. 202, nos. 3–4, pp. 311–323. doi 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.10.024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
