Since the beginning of the 21st century, many toponymic studies have focused on critical and political approaches, making critical and political toponymy relevant directions for the toponomastic studies. Using wider development of critical social theory, specialists have achieved significant success in explaining the motives and assumptions associated with place names. This led to an understanding of the processes related to the revision of some nominative trends. Hispanic place names, possessing the richest potential for research in general, eagerly respond to attempts of analyzing them through the prism of mentioned directions. The article presents the first results of the consideration of Hispanic place names by means of critical toponymic and political toponymic approaches. The author tries to define critical toponymy and political toponymy as scientific directions of onomastics, to designate a vector for activities within the framework of these academic aspects. The article provides information on general trends inherent to the critical and political perspectives of toponymic studies, and also concludes that not all previously described phenomena in this research field belong to Hispanic geographical names, while a number of trends are not included in the general list at all. The emphasis is placed on the frequent interweaving of critical and political toponymy in the study of urban nomenclature changes, and an explanation is given for such processes. As a proof, the author cites many examples of naming and renaming of Hispanic toponymic units and concludes on the prospects for further scientific research in the framework of critical and political toponymy.