<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sergeogr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия Российской академии наук. Серия географическая</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-5566</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6975</issn><publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S2587556622050132</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sergeogr-1653</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Природные процессы и динамика геосистем</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Natural Processes and Dynamics of Geosystems</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Изотопный состав углерода и азота компонентов подземных карстовых геосистем на примере экскурсионных пещер Предуралья и Кавказа</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Isotope Composition of Carbon and Nitrogen in Subterranean Karst Geosystems Components: The Case of Excursion Caves of Cis-Urals and the Caucasus</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Турчинская</surname><given-names>С. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Turchinskaia</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">turchinskaya@igras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семиколенных</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Semikolennykh</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мазина</surname><given-names>С. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mazina</surname><given-names>S. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зазовская</surname><given-names>Э. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zazovskaya</surname><given-names>E. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт географии РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Geography RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова, факультет почвоведения</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State University, Faculty of Soil Science</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Научно-технический центр радиационно-химической безопасности и гигиены Федерального медико-биологического агентства; Российский университет дружбы народов; Государственный университет по землеустройству</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Research and Technical Centre of Radiation-Chemical Safety and Hygiene FMBA of Russian Federation;&#13;
RUDN University; State University of Land Use Planning</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>01</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>86</volume><issue>5</issue><elocation-id>715–730</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Турчинская С.М., Семиколенных А.А., Мазина С.Е., Зазовская Э.П., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Турчинская С.М., Семиколенных А.А., Мазина С.Е., Зазовская Э.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Turchinskaia S.M., Semikolennykh A.A., Mazina S.E., Zazovskaya E.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://izvestia.igras.ru/jour/article/view/1653">https://izvestia.igras.ru/jour/article/view/1653</self-uri><abstract><p>Обобщены результаты исследований изотопного состава (δ13С и δ15N) фототрофных сообществ фотических зон и ламповой флоры пещер разных физико-географических областей: горной таежной (Предуралье, пещера Кунгурская Ледяная) и горной влажно-субтропической лесной (Западный Кавказ, пещеры Ахштырская или Большая Казчебродская, Новоафонская им. Г.Ш. Смыр). Изучены основные закономерности фракционирования изотопов углерода и азота в сообществах фототрофных организмов, а также особенности формирования почвоподобных тел (солоидов) в экстремальных условиях пещер. Показано, что изотопный состав фитомассы подземных фототрофных сообществ заметно отличался в сравнении с наземными фототрофами сходных систематических и экологических групп накоплением в них изотопов 12С и 14N. Увеличение доли легких изотопов углерода и азота отмечено и для солоидов пещер в сравнении с почвами на дневной поверхности. Для подземных экосистем соотношение стабильных изотопов углерода варьирует от –47.3 до –32.4‰, для контрольных образцов (наземные) от –35.5 до –26.8‰. Изотопный состав азота показывает меньшее варьирование от –8 до –1.8‰ – в подземных местообитаниях, и от –3.5 до +2.0‰ – на дневной поверхности. Выдвинута гипотеза, что наблюдаемый эффект связан с ограниченностью газообмена подземных полостей с атмосферой и проявлением внутренних факторов формирования газового состава атмосферы пещер. По мере удаления от входа вглубь пещеры выявлена тенденция к смещению изотопных соотношений в сторону уменьшения содержания тяжелого изотопа углерода и накоплению легкого в ламповой флоре и солоидах дальних залов пещер. Сделано предположение о наличии географического тренда фракционирования изотопов углерода пещерных сообществ разных природных зон (бореальной и горно-лесной субтропической).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The results of the isotopic composition studies (δ13С / δ15N) of phototrophic communities in the karst caves are presented. The caves were rangier by different physical-geographical regions: mountain taiga (Kungurskaya Ledyanaya cave) and mountain humid-subtropical forest (Akhshtyrskaya or Bolshaya Kazchebrodskaya cave and Novoafonskaya cave named after G.Sh. Smyr). The fractionation of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes were studied in the communities of phototrophic organisms of subterranean landscapes (lampenflora), as well as the influencing of one’s to the soil-like bodies (soloids) under these communities. That is discussed the difference of lampenflora phytomass isotopic composition in compare with terrestrial similar systematic and ecological groups of phototrophs towards enrichment with isotopes 12C and 14N. An increase of interests of light carbon and nitrogen isotopes was also noted for cave soloids in comparison with soils on the day surface. The ratio of carbon stable isotopes varies from –47.3 to –32.4‰ for subterranean ecosystems and from –35.5 to –26.8‰ for control samples (daylight surface). The isotopic composition of nitrogen shows a smaller variation from –8 to –1.8‰—in underground habitats, and from –3.5 to +2.0‰—on the surface. The hypothesis regarding the specifics of gas exchange in subterranean space and biological circulation of carbon dioxide in a semi-closed atmosphere was created. This hypothesis is confirmed by the trend of accumulation of the 12C isotope in lampenflora and soloids with distance from the cave entrance, which is due to the reduction of air circulation. The data of carbon and nitrogen isotope composition for the lampenflora and soloids from karst caves in the different physico-geographical zone are also generalized and systematized in this work, there is a geographical trend, but it is necessary to increase the number of studied objects from different natural zones to confirm this conclusion.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>стабильные изотопы углерода и азота</kwd><kwd>подземные карстовые геосистемы</kwd><kwd>карстовые пещеры</kwd><kwd>ламповая флора</kwd><kwd>фототрофные сообщества</kwd><kwd>органоминеральные взаимодействия</kwd><kwd>почвоподобные тела</kwd><kwd>солоиды</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>stable isotopes</kwd><kwd>subterranean karst geosystems</kwd><kwd>karst caves</kwd><kwd>lampenflora</kwd><kwd>phototrophic communities</kwd><kwd>biomineral interactions</kwd><kwd>soil-like bodies</kwd><kwd>soloids</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках темы Государственного задания ИГРАН № FMGE-2019-0006 (обработка и анализ полевого материала). Авторы выражают искреннюю благодарность чл.- корр. РАН А.В. Тиунову за помощь в проведении измерений и ценные советы на всех этапах исследования.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The article is an output of an assignment theme of IGRAS no. FMGE-2019-0006 (processing and analysis of field material). The authors are sincerely grateful to Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences A.V. Tiunov for his help in measurements and valuable recommendations at all stages of the study.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Андрейчук В.Н., Дрофеев Е.П. Антропогенный фактор и Кунгурская пещера // Кунгурская Ледяная пещера / ред. И.А. Лавров, Н.Г. Максимович, С.М. Блинов. М.: Пермь, 1995. Вып. 1. С. 85–99.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andrejchuk V.N., Drofeev E.P. Anthropogenic factor and Kungurskaya Cave, In Kungurskaya Ledyanaya peshchera [Kungurskaya Ice Cave]. Lavrov I.A., Maksimovich N.G., Blinov S.М., Eds. Moscow: Perm, 1995, vol. 1, pp. 85–99. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Атлас пещер России / ред. А.Л. Шелепин, Б.А. Вахрушев, А.А. Гунько, А.С. Гусев, А.И. Прохоренко, Г.В. Самохин, А.Г. Филиппов, Е.А. Цурихин. М.: РГО, РСС, 2019. С. 681–695.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Atlas peshcher Rossii [Atlas of Caves of Russia]. Editor in chief A.L. Shelepin; Vahrushev B.A., Gunko A.A., Gusev A.S., Prokhorenko A.I., Samokhin G.V., Filippov A.G., Tsurikhin E.A., Eds. Moscow: Russian Geographical Society, Russian Union of Speleologists, 2019. 768 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горбунова К.А., Андрейчук В.Н., Костарев В.П., Максимович Н.Г. Карст и пещеры Пермской области. П.: Изд-во ПГУ, 1992. 200 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorbunova K.A., Andreichuk V.N., Kostarev V.P., Maksimovich N.G. Karst i peshchery Permskoi oblasti [Karst and Caves of the Perm Region]. Perm: Publishing House of Perm University, 1992. 200 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горячкин С.В., Мергелов Н.С., Таргульян В.О. Генезис и география почв экстремальных условий: элементы теории и методические подходы // Почвоведение. 2019. № 1. С. 5–19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goryachkin S.V., Mergelov N.S., Targulian V.O. Extreme Pedology: Elements of Theory and Methodological Approaches. Pochvovedenie, 2019, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 5–19. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229319010046</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мавлюдов Б.Р. Климатические системы пещер // Вопросы физической спелеологии. М.: МФТИ, 1994. С. 6–24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mavlyudov B.R. Climatic systems of caves, In Voprosy fizicheskoi speleologii [Problems of Physical Speleology]. Moscow: MFTI, 1994, pp. 6–24. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мавлюдов Б.Р., Кудерина Т.М., Грабено Е.А., Медведев А.А.,</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mavlyudov B.R., Kuderina T.M., Grabeno E.A., Medvedev A.A., Ekba YA. A. Climate of the Novoafonskaya cave, In Speleology and karstology [Problems of Geography. RGO. Vol. 147]. Kotlyakov V.M., Mavlyudov B.R., Eds. Moscow: Kodeks Publ., 2018, pp. 218–243. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Экба Я.А. Климат Новоафонской пещеры // Спелеология и карстоведение / отв. ред. В.М. Котляков, Б.Р. Мавлюдов. Вопросы географии. Русское географическое общество. М.: Изд. дом Кодекс, 2018. Т. 147. С. 218–243.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazina S.E. Bryophytes and ferns in the lamp flora of caves. YUg Rossii: Ekologiya, Razvitie, 2016, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 140–150. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мазина С.Е. Мохообразные и папоротники в составе ламповой флоры пещер // Юг России: экология, развитие. 2016. Т. 11. № 3. С. 140–150.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazina S.E., Kontseva A.A., Yuzbekov A.K. Photosynthetic species of the Novoafonskaya cave, developing under conditions of artificial lighting. Estestvennye i Tekhnicheskie Nauki, 2015. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мазина С.Е., Концевова А.А., Юзбеков А.К. Фотосинтезирующие виды пещеры Новоафонская, развивающиеся в условиях искусственного освещения // Естественные и технические науки. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazina S.E., Semikolennykh A.A. Formation of soil-like bodies in areas of artificial lighting in caves, In Materials International scientific conf. “The role of soils in the biosphere and human life”, dedicated to the 100th anniversary of Academician G.V. Dobrovolsky. Moscow, Russia, MSU, 5-7 october 2015, pp. 205–206. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мазина С.Е., Семиколенных А.А. Формирование почвоподобных тел на участках искусственного освещения в пещерах: Сб. материалов Международ. науч. конф. “Роль почв в биосфере и жизни человека”, посвященной 100-летию со дня рождения академика Г.В. Добровольского. Москва, МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова, 5–7 октября 2015 г. С. 205–206.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morgun E.G., Kovda I.V., Ryskov Ya.G., Oleinik S.A. Prospects and problems of using the methods of geochemistry of stable carbon isotopes in soil studies. Pochvovedenie, 2008, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 265–275. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Моргун Е.Г., Ковда И.В., Рысков Я.Г., Олейник С.А. Возможности и проблемы использования методов геохимии стабильных изотопов углерода в почвенных исследованиях // Почвоведение. 2008. № 3. С. 299–310.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semikolennykh A.A. Microbiology of caves: background; tasks; typology of cave habitats and microbial communities; key problems, In Materials of the 1st All-Russian scientific-practical conf. “Problems of ecology and protection of caves: theoretical and applied aspects”, Sb. Krasnoyarsk. 2002, pp. 30–40. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Семиколенных А.А. Микробиология пещер: история вопроса; задачи; типология пещерных местообитаний и микробных сообществ; ключевые проблемы: Материалы 1-й Общерос. науч.-практ. конф. “Проблемы экологии и охраны пещер: теоретические и прикладные аспекты”: Сб. науч. тр. Красноярск, 2002. С. 30–40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semikolennykh A.A., Targuliyan V.O. Soil-like bodies of autochemolithotrophic ecosystems in the caves of the Kugitangtau Ridge, Eastern Turkmenistan. Pochvovedenie, 2010, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 614–627. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229310060025</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Семиколенных А.А., Таргульян В.О. Почвоподобные тела автохемолитотрофных экосистем пещер хребта Кугитангтау (Восточный Туркменистан) // Почвоведение. М.: Изд-во Наука, 2010. № 6. С. 658–672.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tiunov A.V. Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in soilecological studies. Izv. Akad. Nauk., Ser. Biolog., 2007, no. 4, pp. 475–489. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тиунов А.В. Стабильные изотопы углерода и азота в почвенно-экологических исследованиях // Изв. РАН. Сер. Биологическая. 2007. № 4. С. 475–489.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tiunov A.V., Semenina E.E., Aleksandrova A.V. Isotopic composition (13C/12S and 15N/14N) of soil, vegetation, plant residues, and saprotrophic litter fungi, In Struktura i funktsii pochvennogo naseleniya tropicheskogo mussonnogo lesa (natsional’nyi park Kat T’en, YUzhnyi V’etnam) [Structure and Functions of the Soil Population of the Tropical Monsoon Forest (Cat Tien National Park, South Vietnam)]. Tiunov A.V., Ed. Moscow: Tov-vo scientific editions of KMK. 2011. 277 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тиунов А.В., Семенина Е.Э., Александрова А.В. Изотопный состав (13C/12С и 15N/14N) почвы, растительности, растительных остатков и сапротрофных подстилочных грибов. Структура и функции почвенного населения тропического муссонного леса (национальный парк Кат Тьен, Южный Вьетнам) / ред. А.В. Тиунов. М.: Тов-во научных изданий КМК, 2011. 277 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharipova M. Ju., Abdullin Sh. R. Algoflora of Shulgan-Tash cave. Botanic. J. 2006, vol. 91, no. 4, pp. 546–555. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шарипова М.Ю., Абдуллин Ш.Р. Альгофлора пещеры Шульган-Таш // Ботанич. журн. 2006. Т. 91. № 4. С. 546–555.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Albertano P. Cyanobacterial biofilms in monuments and caves, In Ecology of Cyanobacteria II: Their diversity in Space and Time. Whitton B.A. Eds. Springer, Dordrecht, 2012, pp. 317–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3855-3_11</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Albertano P. Cyanobacterial biofilms in monuments and caves. In Ecology of Cyanobacteria II: Their diversity in Space and Time / B.A. Whitton (Ed.). Springer, Dor-drecht, 2012. P. 317–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3855-3_11</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Albertano P., Bruno L., Bellezza S. New strategies for the monitoring and control of cyanobacterial films on valuable lithic faces. Plant Biosys., 2005, vol. 139, no. 3. November, pp. 311–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263500500342256</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Albertano P., Bruno L., Bellezza S. New strategies for the monitoring and control of cyanobacterial films on valuable lithic faces // Plant Biosys. 2005. Vol. 139. № 3. November. P. 311–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/11263500500342256</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barton H.A., Taylor M.R., Pace N.R. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of a bacterial community in an oligotrophic cave environment. Geomicrobiology J., 2004, vol. 21:1, pp. 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490450490253428</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barton H.A., Taylor M.R., Pace N.R. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of a bacterial community in an oligotrophic cave environment // Geomicrobiol. J. 2004. Vol. 21:1. P. 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490450490253428</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brooks J.R., Flanagan L.B., Buchmann N., Ehleringer J.R. Carbon isotope composition of boreal plants: functional grouping of life forms. Oecologia, 1997, vol. 110, no. 3, pp. 301–311.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brooks J.R., Flanagan L.B., Buchmann N., Ehleringer J.R. Carbon isotope composition of boreal plants: functional grouping of life forms // Oecologia. 1997. Vol. 110. № 3. P. 301–311.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen Y., Wu L., Boden R., Hillebrand A., Kumaresan D., Moussard H., Baciu M., Lu Y., Murrell J.C. Life without light: microbial diversity and evidence of sulfurand ammonium-based chemolithotrophy in Movile cave. ISME J, 2009, 3 (9), pp. 1093–1104. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2009.57</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen Y., Wu L., Boden R., Hillebrand A., Kumaresan D., Moussard H., Baciu M., Lu Y., Murrell J.C. Life without light: microbial diversity and evidence of sulfur- and ammonium-based chemolithotrophy in Movile cave // ISME J. 2009. 3 (9). P. 1093–1104. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2009.57</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cigna A.A. Show caves, In Encyclopedia of caves. Academic Press, 2019, pp. 909–921. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814124-3.00108-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cigna A.A. Show caves. In Encyclopedia of caves. Academic Press, 2019. P. 909–921. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814124-3.00108-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cigna A.A. The problem of lampenflora in showcaves, In Proceedings of the 6th ISCA Congress, SNC of Slovak Republic, Slovak Caves Administration. Bella P., Gazik P., Eds. 2011, pp. 201–205.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cigna A.A. The problem of lampenflora in showcaves. In Proceedings of the 6th ISCA Congress, SNC of Slovak Republic, Slovak Caves Administration / P. Bella, P. Gazik (Eds.). 2011. P. 201–205.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Culver D.C., Pipan T. The Biology of Caves and Other Subterranean Habitats. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009. 254 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Culver D.C., Pipan T. The Biology of Caves and Other Subterranean Habitats. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2009, 254 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Engel A.S. Microbial Life of Cave Systems. Life in Extreme Environments. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2015, vol. 3, 321 p. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110339888</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Engel A.S. Microbial Life of Cave Systems. Life in Extreme Environments. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2015. Vol. 3. 321 p. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110339888</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Falasco E., Ector L., Isaia M., Wetzel C.E., Hoffmann L. and Bona F. Diatom flora in subterranean ecosystems: a review. International Journal of Speleology. 2014, 43 (3), pp. 231–251. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.43.3.1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Falasco E., Ector L., Isaia M., Wetzel C.E., Hoffmann L., Bona F. Diatom flora in subterranean ecosystems: a review // Int. J. of Speleol. 2014. 43 (3). P. 231–251. https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.43.3.1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Figueroa F.L., Álvarez-Gómez F., del Rosal Y., CelisPlá P.S.M., González G., Hernández M., Korbee N. In situ photosynthetic yields of cave photoautotrophic biofilms using two different Pulse Amplitude Modulated fluorometers Algal Research 22. 2017, рр. 104–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2016.12.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Figueroa F.L., Álvarez-Gómez F., del Rosal Y., Celis-Plá P.S.M., González G., Hernández M., Korbee N. In situ photosynthetic yields of cave photoautotrophic biofilms using two different Pulse Amplitude Modulated fluorometers Algal Research 22, 2017. P. 104–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2016.12.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fry B. Stable Isotope Ecology. NY: Springer. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-33745-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fry B. Stable Isotope Ecology. NY: Springer, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-33745-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoffmann L. Caves and other low-light environments:aerophitic photoautotrophic microorganisms. In Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology. Bitton G., Eds. NY: John Wiley &amp; Sons. 2002, pp. 835–843. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471263397.env247</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoffmann L. Caves and other low-light environments:aerophitic photoautotrophic microorganisms. In Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology / G. Bitton (Ed.). NY: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2002. P. 835–843. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471263397.env247</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hutchens E., Radajewski S., Dumont M.G., McDonald I.R., Murrell J.C. Analysis of methanotrophic bacteria in Movile Cave by stable isotope probing. Environ. Microbiol., 2004, 6 (2), pp. 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00543.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hutchens E., Radajewski S., Dumont M.G., McDonald I.R., Murrell J.C. Analysis of methanotrophic bacteria in Movile Cave by stable isotope probing // Environ. Microbiol. 2004. 6 (2). P. 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00543.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones D., Lyon E., Macalady J. Geomicrobiology of biovermiculations from the Frasassi cave system, Italy. J. Cave Karst Stud, 2008, 70 (2), pp. 76–93.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones D., Lyon E., Macalady J. Geomicrobiology of biovermiculations from the Frasassi cave system // Italy. J. Cave Karst Stud. 2008. 70 (2). P. 76–93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozlova E.V., Mazina S.E., Vladimir P. Biodiversity of phototrophs in illuminated entrance zones of seven caves in Montenegro. Ecologica Montenegrina, 2019, vol. 20, pp. 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2019.20.3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kozlova E.V., Mazina S.E., Vladimir P. Biodiversity of phototrophs in illuminated entrance zones of seven caves in Montenegro // Ecologica Montenegrina. 2019. Vol. 20. P. 24–39. https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2019.20.3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lamprinou V., Danielidis D., Economou-Amilli A., Pantazidou A. Distribution survey of Cyanobacteria in three Greek caves of Peloponnese. Int. J. of Speleol., 2012, vol. 41, no. 2. 12 p. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.41.2.12</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lamprinou V., Danielidis D., Economou-Amilli A., Pantazidou A. Distribution survey of Cyanobacteria in three Greek caves of Peloponnese // Int. J. of Speleol. 2012. Vol. 41. № 2. 12 p. https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.41.2.12</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lavoie K., Northup D., Boston P. Sight Unseen: Microbes in Caves. NSS News (March). 2000, pp. 68–69.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lavoie K., Northup D., Boston P. Sight Unseen: Microbes in Caves. NSS News (March). 2000. P. 68–69.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mulec J. The diversity and ecology of microbes associated with lampenflora in cave and karst settings. Microbial Life of Cave Systems. In Life in Extreme Environments. Engel A.S., Ed. Vol. 3. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2015, pp. 263–278.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mulec J. The diversity and ecology of microbes associated with lampenflora in cave and karst settings. Microbial Life of Cave Systems. In Life in Extreme Environments / A.S. Engel (Ed.). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2015. Vol. 3. P. 263–278.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mulec J. Lampenflora. Encyclopedia of caves. Academic Press. 2019, pp. 635–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814124-3.00075-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mulec J. Lampenflora. Encyclopedia of caves. Academic Press, 2019. P. 635–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814124-3.00075-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Persoiu A., Lauritzen S.E. Ice caves. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 2018. 729 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Persoiu A., Lauritzen S.E. Ice caves. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 2018. 729 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pfendler S., Karimi B., Maron P.A., Ciadamidaro L., Valot B., Bousta F., Alaoui-Sosse L., Alaoui-Sosse B., Aleya L. Biofilm biodiversity in French and Swiss show caves using the metabarcoding approach: first data. Sci. Total Environ, 2018, pp. 1207–1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.054</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pfendler S., Karimi B., Maron P.A., Ciadamidaro L., Valot B., Bousta F., Alaoui-Sosse L., Alaoui-Sosse B., Aleya L. Biofilm biodiversity in French and Swiss show caves using the metabarcoding approach: first data // Sci. Total Environ. 2018. P. 1207–1217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.054</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popkova А., Mazina S., Lashenova T. Phototrophic communities of Ahshtyrskaya cave in the condition of artificial light. Ecologica Montenegrina, 2019, vol. 23, pp. 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2019.23.2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Popkova A., Mazina S., Lashenova T. Phototrophic communities of Ahshtyrskaya cave in the condition of artificial light // Ecologica Montenegrina. 2019. Vol. 23. P. 8–19. https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2019.23.2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prous X., Lopes Ferreira R., Jacobi C.M. The entrance as a complex ecotone in a Neotropical cave. Int. J. of Speleol., 2015, 44 (2), pp. 177–189. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.44.2.7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prous X., Lopes Ferreira R., Jacobi C.M. The entrance as a complex ecotone in a Neotropical cave // Int. J. of Speleol. 2015. 44 (2). P. 177–189. https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.44.2.7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Robinson D. δ15N as an integrator of the nitrogen cycle. Trends Ecol. Evol., 2001, vol. 16, pp. 153–162.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Robinson D. δ15N as an integrator of the nitrogen cycle // Trends Ecol. Evol. 2001. Vol. 16. P. 153–162.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roldán M., Hernández-Mariné M. Exploring the secrets of the three-dimensional architecture of phototrophic biofilms in caves. Int. J. of Speleol., 2009, 38, pp. 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.38.1.5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roldán M., Hernández-Mariné M. Exploring the secrets of the three-dimensional architecture of phototrophic biofilms in caves // Int. J. of Speleol. 2009. 38. P. 41–53. https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.38.1.5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scrimgeour C.M., Robinson D. Stable isotope analysis and applications. Soil and Environ. Analysis. CRC Press, 2003, pp. 389–439.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scrimgeour C.M., Robinson D. Stable isotope analysis and applications // Soil and Environ. Analysis. CRC Press, 2003. P. 389–439.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith T., Olson R. A taxonomic survey of lamp flora (algae and cyanobacteria) in electrically lit passages within Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky. Int. J. of Speleol., 2007, 36, pp. 105–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.36.2.6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith T., Olson R. A taxonomic survey of lamp flora (algae and cyanobacteria) in electrically lit passages within Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky // Int. J. of Speleol. 2007. 36. P. 105–114. https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.36.2.6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trinh D.A., Trinh Q.H., Tran N., Guinea J.G., Mattey D. Eco-friendly Remediation of Lampenflora on Speleothems in Tropical Karst Caves. J. of Cave and Karst Stud., 2018, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4311/2017ES0101</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trinh D.A., Trinh Q.H., Tran N., Guinea J.G., Mattey D. Eco-friendly Remediation of Lampenflora on Speleothems in Tropical Karst Caves // J. of Cave and Karst Stud. 2018. Vol. 80. № 1. P. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.4311/2017ES0101</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang G., Jia Y., Li W. Effects of environmental and biotic factors on carbon isotopic fractionation during decomposition of soil organic matter. Scientific Reports 5, 2015, p. 11043. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11043L</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang G., Jia Y., Li W. Effects of environmental and biotic factors on carbon isotopic fractionation during decomposition of soil organic matter // Sci. Reports 5, 2015. P. 11043. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11043</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang G., Jia Y., Li W. Effects of environmental and biotic factors on carbon isotopic fractionation during decomposition of soil organic matter // Sci. Reports 5, 2015. P. 11043. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11043</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
