<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sergeogr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия Российской академии наук. Серия географическая</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-5566</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6975</issn><publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S2587556623050096</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">TMIAPO</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sergeogr-2313</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Территориальная организация общества</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Territorial Organization of Society</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Динамика конфессионального пространства Эфиопии в условиях  демократических преобразований</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Dynamics of the Ethiopian Religious Landscape during Democratic Transition</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захаров</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharov</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vanszax@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт Африки РАН; Институт географии РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute for African Studies; Institute of Geography RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>87</volume><issue>5</issue><elocation-id>690–700</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Захаров И.А., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Захаров И.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zakharov I.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://izvestia.igras.ru/jour/article/view/2313">https://izvestia.igras.ru/jour/article/view/2313</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье определены закономерности развития конфессионального пространства Эфиопии в период существенного расширения религиозных свобод после 1991 г. В качестве статистической базы исследования использованы данные переписей населения страны за 1994 и 2007 гг., содержащие информацию о религиозной принадлежности населения Эфиопии в целом и ее административнотерриториальных единиц вплоть до воредов – АТЕ 3-го порядка. Направления сдвигов в размещении последователей крупнейших религий страны (православия, ислама, протестантизма, этнорелигий) определены на основе типов конфессиональной структуры населения, с помощью которых были отражены особенности конфессионального пространства Эфиопии с высоким уровнем детализации. Выявленные тенденции развития конфессионального пространства страны отражены в картосхемах, иллюстрирующих динамику типов конфессиональной структуры населения воредов. На основе картографической информации выявлены закономерности реконфигурации геопространств крупнейших религий страны, спровоцировавшей усиление процессов поляризации в конфессиональном пространстве государства. Определено, что конфессиональная структура населения регионов доминирования православия, ислама и протестантизма стала более гомогенной, при этом главным направлением развития геопространств этих религий стало их расширение по направлению к столичному региону. В результате сформировались особые пространственные структуры – своеобразные фронтиры на границах геопространств этих религий. Интенсификация религиозной конкуренции в Эфиопии, которая до недавнего времени считалась “эталоном” гармоничных межобщинных отношений в Африке, сопровождалась ростом конфликтности. Установлено, что важную роль в этом процессе сыграло изменение конфессиональной структуры городского населения, в которой произошло резкое увеличение протестантов и мусульман. Вовлечение религиозных организаций в общественно-политические процессы, происходившее в стране на фоне обострения религиозной конкуренции и межэтнического соперничества, способствовало усилению центробежных тенденций в политической жизни Эфиопии. Одним из результатов данных тенденций стало разукрупнение ряда административно-территориальных единиц в юго-западной и центральной частях страны.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article defines the patterns of development of the Ethiopian religious landscape in the context of a significant expansion of religious freedoms that began after 1991. The country’s population censuses for 1994 and 2007 were used as the statistical base of the study. It contains information on the religious affiliation of the population of Ethiopia as a whole and its administrative-territorial units up to the Woredas–the 3rd level of administrative units. The directions of shifts in the distribution of followers of the country’s largest faithgroups (Orthodox, Muslim, Protestant, ethnic religions) were determined based on the types of religious composition of the population. This allowed us to reveal the features of the Ethiopian religious landscape with a high level of detail. The defined trends in the development of the Ethiopian religious landscape are reflected in the maps illustrating the dynamics of the types of confessional structure of the woreda population for 1994 and 2007. Based on cartographic information, the author determined the patterns of reconfiguration of the geospaces of the largest faith-groups in the country, that provoked an increasing polarization in the Ethiopian religious landscape. Determined that the religious structure of the population of the regions dominated by Orthodox Christianity, Islam, and Protestantism has become more homogeneous, while the main direction of the development of their geospaces was their expansion towards the capital of Ethiopia. As a result, specific spatial structures, such as frontiers, were formed. The intensification of religious competition in Ethiopia, which until recently was considered the “standard” of peaceful inter-communal relations in Africa, was accompanied by the growth of religious and ethnoreligious conflicts. It is established that it was partly due to the change in the religious structure of the urban population, resulted from a sharp increase in the proportion of Protestants and Muslims. Ethiopia faced the growing involvement of religious organizations in socio-political processes against the background of the aggravation of religious competition and interethnic rivalry. This contributed to the strengthening of centrifugal tendencies in the political life of Ethiopia, which have serious implications, for instance the unbundling of several administrative-territorial units in the southwestern and central parts of the country.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Африка</kwd><kwd>конфессиональная структура населения</kwd><kwd>религиозная конкуренция</kwd><kwd>религиозная политика</kwd><kwd>религиозные свободы</kwd><kwd>религия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Africa</kwd><kwd>religious polarization</kwd><kwd>religion</kwd><kwd>religious competition</kwd><kwd>religious freedom</kwd><kwd>religious composition of the population</kwd><kwd>religious policy</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта МК2046.2022.2.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research is conducted under the grant МК2046.2022.2.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Антигегн Г.К. Оценка религиозной ситуации, мира и конфликта в Эфиопии после 1991 г. // Вест. Рос. ун-та дружбы народов. Сер.: Международные отношения. 2019. № 4. С. 607–614.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arkew E.D. The right of religious institution to acquire legal personality in Ethiopia: emphasis on the new procla-</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Балашова Г.А. Эфиопский перекресток // Азия и Африка сегодня. 2011. № 7. С. 47–51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antigegn G.K. An assessment of religion, peace, and con- mation to provide legal personality to Ethiopian Islamflict situation Ethiopia after 1991. Vestn. RUDN. Int. ic Affairs General Council. Develop. Country Stud., Relations, 2019, no. 4, pp. 607–614. (In Russ.). 2020, no. 10, pp. 19–22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Виноградова К.В. Из истории российско-эфиопских церковных связей XV–XIX вв. // Вопросы Истории. 2000. № 6. С. 49–52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sorsa 	Sumamo: 	an 	Ethiopian 	evangelist. http://www.theimtn.org/main/documents/trainingexamples/BF%20Sorsa%20Sumamo.pdf (дата обращения 06.07.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горохов С.А. География религий: Циклы развития глобального конфессионального пространства. М.: Юнити-Дана, 2020. 235 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balashova G. The Ethiopian crossroads. Asia Afr. Today, 2011, no. 7, pp. 47–51. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захаров И.А. Государственное регулирование деятельности религиозных организаций в странах Африки в конце ХХ–начале XXI вв.: макрорегиональные тенденции // Электронный научно-образовательный журн. “История”. 2022. № 6. https://history.jes.su/s207987840021692-0-1/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brown D., James P. Religious characteristics of states dataset project – Demographics v. 2.0 (RCS-Dem 2.0), Countries only, 2019. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/7SR4M</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захаров И.А. Факторы поляризации конфессионального пространства Эфиопии // Вестн. Рязанского гос. ун-та имени С.А. Есенина. 2016. № 4. С. 179–190.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Desplat P. The articulation of religious identities and their boundaries in Ethiopia: labelling difference and processes of contextualization in Islam. J. Relig. Afr., 2005, no. 4, pp. 482–505.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захаров И.А., Горохов С.А., Дмитриев Р.В. Трансформация конфессионального пространства Африки в ХХ–начале XXI вв. // Изв. РАН. Сер. геогр. 2020. № 3. С. 359–368.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Desplat P., Østebø T. Muslim Ethiopia: The Christian legacy, identity politics, and Islamic reformism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Исмагилова Р.Н. Эфиопия: особенности федерализма. М.: Институт Африки РАН, 2018. 544 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorokhov S.A. Geografiya religii: tsikly razvitiya global’nogo konfessional’nogo prostranstva [Geography of Religions: Development Cycles of the Global Religious Landscape]. Mоscow, 2020. 235 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Исмагилова Р.Н. Эфиопия: победа сидама в вековой борьбе за самоопределение // Ученые записки Инта Африки РАН. 2021. № 2. С. 47–65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haustein J., Østebø T. EPRDF’s revolutionary democracy and religious plurality: Islam and Christianity in post-Derg Ethiopia. J. East. Afr. Stud., 2011, no. 4, pp. 755–772. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2011.642539</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каплан С. Воздвижение Креста Господня и свержение императора Эфиопии: лидж Иясу и драма во время праздника Мэскэль // Государство, религия, церковь в России и за рубежом. 2015. № 2. С. 182–197.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ismagilova R.N. Efiopiya: osobennosti federalizma [Ethiopia: The Peculiarities of the Federalism]. Moscow, 2018. 544 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Львова Э.С. Эта многоликая Эфиопия: очерки по истории, культуре, этнографии. М., 2009. 332 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ismagilova R.N. Ethiopia: the victory of the Sidama in the longer than a century’s struggle for the self-determination. Uch. Zapis. Inst. Afr. RAN, 2021, no. 2, pp. 47–65. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ныгусие Кассае В.М., Морозова Н.Н. Взаимодействие России и Русской православной церкви с христианскими общинами Египта и Эфиопии во второй половине XIX–начале ХХ в. // Российский журн. истории Церкви. 2021. № 4. С. 26–36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaplan S. The exaltation of Holy Cross and the deposition of the Emperor of Ethiopia: Lïj Iyasu and a Mäsqäl drama. Gosudarstvo, Religiya, Tserkov’ v Rossii i za Rubezhom, 2015, no. 2, pp. 182–197. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стрелецкий В.Н. Этноконфессиональный облик России: унаследованные пространственные структуры и сдвиги в конце XX–начале XXI веков // География мирового развития / отв. ред. Л.М. Синцеров. М., 2010. Вып. 2. С. 442–459.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lvova E.S. Eta mnogolikaya Efiopiya: ocherki po istorii, kul’ture, etnografii [This Diverse Ethiopia: Essays on History, Culture, Ethnography]. Moscow, 2009. 332 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цыпкин Г.В. Россия и Эфиопия на пути к установлению дипломатических отношений // Электронный научно-образовательный журн. “История”. 2016. № 3. https://history.jes.su/s207987840001452-6-1/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nigusie Kassae V.M., Morozova N.N. Interaction of Russia and the Russian Orthodox Church with Christian communities in Egypt and Ethiopia in the second half of the 19th–early 20th century. Ross. Zh. Istorii Tserkvi, 2021, no. 4, pp. 26–36. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цыпкин Г.В., Ягья В.С. История Эфиопии в новое и новейшее время. М., 1989. 405 с. Ягья В.С. Эфиопия в новейшее время. М., 1978. 327 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Østebø T. Salafism, state-politics, and the question of “extremism” in Ethiopia. Comp. Islam. Stud., 2014, nos. 1–2, pp. 165–184.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arkew E.D. The right of religious institution to acquire legal personality in Ethiopia: emphasis on the new proclamation to provide legal personality to Ethiopian Islamic Affairs General Council // Developing Country Studies. 2020. Vol. 10. № 10. P. 19–22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pankhurst R. A social history of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, 1990.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brown D., James P. Religious characteristics of states sataset project – Demographics v. 2.0 (RCS-Dem 2.0), Countries only. 2019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pankhurst S. Ethiopia. A cultural history. Woodford Green, 1955.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Desplat P. The articulation of religious identities and their boundaries in Ethiopia: labelling difference and processes of contextualization in Islam // J. of Religion in Africa. 2005. № 4. P. 482–505.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Serawit B.D. Religion and politics in post-1991 Ethiopia: making sense of Bryan S. Turner’s ‘Managing religions.’ Relig. State Soc., 2018, no. 1, pp. 26–42.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Desplat P., Østebø T. Muslims in Ethiopia: The Christian legacy, identity politics, and Islamic reformism // Muslim Ethiopia. NY, 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sorsa Sumamo: an Ethiopian evangelist. Available at: http://www.theimtn.org/main/documents/trainingexamples/BF%20Sorsa%20Sumamo.pdf (accessed: 06.07.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haustein J., Østebø T. EPRDF’s revolutionary democracy and religious plurality: Islam and Christianity in postDerg Ethiopia // J. of Eastern African Studies. 2011. № 4. P. 755–772.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Streletskii V.N. The ethnoconfessional image of Russia: inherited spatial structures and shifts in the late 20th– early 21st century. In Geografiya mirovogo razvitiya. Vyp. 2 [Geography of World Development. Vol. 2]. Sintserov L.M., Ed. Moscow, 2010, pp. 442–459. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Østebø T. Salafism, state-politics, and the question of “extremism” in Ethiopia // Comparative Islamic Studies. 2014. № 1–2. P. 165–184.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsypkin G. Russia and Ethiopia on the Route to the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations. Istoriya, 2016, no. 3. Available at: https://history.jes.su/s2079878400014526-1/ (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pankhurst R. A social history of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, 1990.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsypkin G.V., Yag’ya V.S. Istoriya Efiopii v novoe i noveishee vremya [History of Ethiopia in Modern and Contemporary Times]. Moscow, 1989. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pankhurst S. Ethiopia. A cultural history. Woodford Green, 1955.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vinogradova K.V. From the history of Russian-Ethiopian church relations of the 15th–19th centuries. Vopr. Istorii, 2000, no. 6, pp. 49–52. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Serawit B.D. Religion and politics in post-1991 Ethiopia: making sense of Bryan S. Turner’s ‘Managing Religions’ // Religion, State and Society. 2018. № 1. P. 26–42.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yag’ya V.S. Efiopiya v noveishee vremya [Ethiopia in Modern Times]. Moscow, 1978. 327 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sorsa Sumamo: an Ethiopian evangelist. http://www.theimtn.org/main/documents/trainingexamples/BF%20Sorsa%20Sumamo.pdf (дата обращения 06.07.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakharov I. State regulation of the activities of faith-based organizations in African countries in the late 20th–early 21st century: macro-regional tendencies. Istoriya, 2022, no. 6. Available at: https://history.jes.su/s207987840021692-0-1/ (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zakharov I.A. The factors of religious and confessional polarization in Ethiopia. Bull. Ryazan State Univ., 2016, no. 4, pp. 179–190. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakharov I.A. The factors of religious and confessional polarization in Ethiopia. Bull. Ryazan State Univ., 2016, no. 4, pp. 179–190. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zakharov I.A., Gorokhov S.A., Dmitriev R.V. Transformation of African religious landscape in the 20th and beginning of the 21st century. Izv. Akad. Nauk. Ser. Geogr., 2020, no. 3, pp. 359–368. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakharov I.A., Gorokhov S.A., Dmitriev R.V. Transformation of African religious landscape in the 20th and beginning of the 21st century. Izv. Akad. Nauk. Ser. Geogr., 2020, no. 3, pp. 359–368. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
