<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sergeogr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия Российской академии наук. Серия географическая</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-5566</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6975</issn><publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31857/S2587556624030062</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">SOINPG</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sergeogr-2781</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГИДРОМЕТЕОРОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ЯВЛЕНИЯ И ОКРУЖАЮЩАЯ СРЕДА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS AND THE ENVIRONMENT</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности экстремально маловодных лет на реках Русской равнины в период современного глобального потепления</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Features of Extremely Low Water Years on the Rivers of the Russian Plain during the Period of the Modern Global Warming</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Георгиади</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Georgiadi</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">georgiadi@igras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт географии РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>08</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>88</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title>Специальный выпуск: Геоэкологические последствия климатических изменений: основные проблемы и возможности адаптации</issue-title><fpage>337</fpage><lpage>348</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Георгиади А.Г., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Георгиади А.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Georgiadi A.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://izvestia.igras.ru/jour/article/view/2781">https://izvestia.igras.ru/jour/article/view/2781</self-uri><abstract><p>Исследованы маловодья на реках (в годы, сток в которые был равным или меньшим 75 и 90– 95% обеспеченности), наблюдавшиеся в бассейнах рек Русской равнины (Волги, Дона, Днепра, Западной Двины, Северной Двины и Урала) в XIX–XXI вв. На основе географо-статистического подхода проведен анализ экстремального маловодья для основных сезонов года (половодья, зимней и летне-осенней межени), а также года в целом. Использованы данные по 35 постам на крупных, средних и малых реках. Показано, что доля общего количества лет, в которые наблюдалось маловодье в одном или нескольких сезонах года или всего года в целом относительно всего периода наблюдений, изменялось на рассмотренных реках в диапазоне от 46 до 57%. Современное глобальное потепление приводит к существенному снижению доли маловодных лет в зимнюю и летне-осеннюю межень, а также в целом за год на всех рассмотренных реках. В то время как доля лет с низким стоком половодья на Дону, на Северной Двине и Западной Двине значительно увеличилась, на Волге и Днепре она изменилась малозаметно. В течение долговременных фаз повышенного/пониженного годового и сезонного стока на реках центральной части Русской равнины, последние из которых наблюдались в период современного глобального потепления, выявлены кардинальные различия в частоте маловодных лет. В годы, в которые происходили наиболее крупные экстремальные засухи на территории всех рассмотренных речных бассейнов, маловодье наблюдалось лишь в 1921 и 1972 гг.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Extreme low water years on rivers (in years in which the runoff was equal to or less than 75 and 90–95% of the probability exceedance) observed in the river basins of the Russian Plain (Volga, Don, Dnieper, Western Dvina and Northern Dvina) in the 19th–21st centuries were studied. It is shown that the proportion of the total number of years in which low water was observed in one or several seasons of the year or the whole year varied on the rivers considered in relation to the duration of the entire observation period in the range from 46 to 57%. In the 1930s, low water years occurred in only one of the basins considered, and in the 1950s in several (from two to five) basins in the same year. At the end of the 19th century, in the 1920s and 1930s, and in the 1970s, there were seven years when low water occurred simultaneously in different seasons and in the whole year in all the rivers considered, and in nine cases in four basins. Modern global warming leads to a significant decrease in the number of low water years in the winter and summer-autumn low flow seasons and the year as a whole on all the rivers considered. While the number of years with low flood runoff on the Don, on the Northern and Western Dvina has increased significantly, and on the Volga and Dnieper it has changed little. During the long-term phases of increased/decreased annual and seasonal runoff on the rivers of the central part of the Russian Plain, cardinal differences in the frequency of low water years were revealed. In the years when the most extreme droughts were observed on the territory of all river basins considered, low water was observed only in 1921 and 1972.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>маловодье на реках</kwd><kwd>период инструментальных наблюдений</kwd><kwd>глобальное потепление</kwd><kwd>долговременные фазы повышенного/пониженного стока</kwd><kwd>корреляция экстремальных засух и маловодья</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>extreme low water on rivers</kwd><kwd>period of instrumental observations</kwd><kwd>global warming</kwd><kwd>long-term phases of increased/decreased runoff</kwd><kwd>correlation of extreme droughts and low water</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено в рамках государственного задания Института географии РАН FMWS-2024-0007 (№ 1021051703468-8).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Study completed according to the state assignment for the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences FMWS-2024-0007 (no. 1021051703468-8).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеевский Н.И., Фролова Н.В. Безопасность водопользования в условиях маловодий // Водное хозяйство России. 2011. № 6. C. 6–17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseevskii N.I., Frolova N.V. Water use safety in the conditions of water scarcity. Vodn. Khoz. Ross., 2011, no. 6, pp. 6–17. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Андреянов В.Г. Циклические колебания годового стока, их изменения по территории и учет при расчетах стока // Тр. III Всесоюз. гидрологического съезда. Ленинград: Гидрометеоиздат, 1959. Т. II. С. 3–49.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andreyanov V.G. Cyclic fluctuations of annual runoff, their changes over the territory and accounting for runoff calculations. In Trudy III Vsesoyuznogo gidrologicheskogo s’’ezda. T. II [Proceedings of the 3 All-Union Hydrological Congress. Vol. 2]. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1959, pp. 3–49. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Владимиров A.M. Сток рек в маловодный период года. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1976. 295 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beran M.A., Rodier J.A. Hydrological aspects of drought. A contribution to the International Hydrological Programme. UNESCO-WMO. Vendôme: Presses Universitaires de France, 1985. 149 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Георгиади А.Г., Кашутина Е.А., Бородин О.О. Динамика гидроклиматических характеристик в период экстремальных засух, наблюдавшихся на Русской равнине с 1970-х годов // Глобальный климат и почвенный покров России: проявления засухи, меры предупреждения, борьбы, ликвидация последствий и адаптационные мероприятия (сельское и лесное хозяйство). Национальный докл. Т. 3. М.: МБА, 2021. С. 141– 150.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evstigneev V.M., Magritskii D.V. Rechnoi stok i gidrologicheskie raschety. Kurs lektsii: uchebnoe posobie [River Flow and Hydrological Calculations. Course of Lectures: Textbook]. Moscow: Triumf Publ., 2018. 272 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Георгиади А.Г., Коронкевич Н.И., Милюкова И.П., Кашутина Е.А., Барабанова Е.А. Современные и сценарные изменения речного стока в бассейнах крупнейших рек России. Ч. 2. Бассейны рек Волги и Дона. М.: Издательство “Макс Пресс”, 2014. 214 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Filippova I.A. On the probabilistic patterns of fluctuations in minimum flow (using the example of rivers in the Central Black Earth Region). Vodn. Resur., 1996, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 389–395. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Георгиевский В.Ю., Голованов О.Ф., Шалыгин А.Л. Водные системы суши // Второй оценочный докл. Росгидромета об изменениях климата и их последствиях на территории Российской Федерации. М.: Росгидромет, 2014. С. 350–361.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Frolova N.L., Magritskii D.V., Kireeva M.B., et al. Streamflow of Russian rivers under current and forecasted climate changes: A review of publications. 1. Assessment of changes in the water regime of Russian rivers by observation data. Water Resour., 2022, vol. 49, pp. 333–350. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0097807822030046</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Евстигнеев В.М., Магрицкий Д.В. Речной сток и гидрологические расчеты. Курс лекций: учеб. пособие. М.: Триумф, 2018. 272 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Georgiadi A.G., Borodin O.O. Extreme low flows in rivers of the East European Plain in the 19th–21st Centuries. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., 2022, vol. 1023, art. 012011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1023/1/012011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Золотокрылин А.Н., Виноградова В.В., Мещерская А.В., Страшная А.И., Черенкова Е.А. Засухи и опустынивание // Второй оценочный докл. Росгидромета об изменениях климата и их последствиях на территории Российской Федерации. М.: Росгидромет, 2014. С. 551–587.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Georgiadi A.G., Groisman P.Y. Extreme low flow during long-lasting phases of river Runoff in the central part of the East European Plain. Water, 2023, no. 15, art. 2146. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15122146</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кузин П.С., Бабкин В.И. Географические закономерности гидрологического режима рек. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1979. 200 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Georgiadi A.G., Kashutina E.A. Hydroclimate characteristics of extreme droughts observed on the Russian Plain since the 1970s. Arid Ecosyst., 2021, no. 11, pp. 117–123. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079096121020050</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Страшная А.И., Максименкова Т.А., Чуб О.В. Агрометеорологические особенности засухи 2010 года в России по сравнению с засухами прошлых лет // Тр. Гидрометцентра. 2011. Вып. 345. С. 171–188.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Georgiadi A.G., Kashutina E.A., Borodin O.O. Dynamics of hydroclimatic characteristics during the period of extreme droughts observed on the Russian Plain since the 1970s. In Global’nyi klimat i pochvennyi pokrov Rossii: proyavleniya zasukhi, mery preduprezhdeniya, bor’by, likvidatsiya posledstvii i adaptatsionnye meropriyatiya (sel’skoe i lesnoe khozyaistvo). Natsional’nyi doklad. Tom 3 [Global Climate and Soil Cover in Russia: Manifestations of Drought, Prevention and Control Measures, Mitigation of Consequences and Adaptation Measures (Agriculture and Forestry). National report. Vol. 3]. Moscow: MBA, 2021, pp. 141–150. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Филиппова И.А. О вероятностных закономерностях колебаний минимального стока (на примере рек Центрально-Черноземной области) // Водные ресурсы. 1996. Т. 23. № 4. С. 389–395.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Georgiadi A.G., Koronkevich N.I., Milyukova I.P., Kashutina E.A., Barabanova E.A. Sovremennye i stsenarnye izmeneniya rechnogo stoka v basseinakh krupneishikh rek Rossii. Chast’ 2. Basseiny rek Volgi i Dona [Modern and Scenario Changes in River Flow in the Basins of the Largest Rivers in Russia. Part 2. Basins of the Volga and Don Rivers]. Moscow: “Max Press” Publ., 2014. 214 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фролова Н.Л., Магрицкий Д.В., Киреева М.Б., Григорьевa В.Ю., Гельфан А.Н., Сазоновa А.А., Шевченко А.И. Сток рек России при происходящих и прогнозируемых изменениях климата: обзор публикаций. 1. Оценка изменений водного режима рек России по данным наблюдений // Водные ресурсы. 2022. Т. 49. № 3. C. 251–269. https://doi.org/10.31857/S032105962203004X</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Georgiadi A.G., Milyukova I.P., Borodin O.O. Spatial and temporal correlation between severe droughts and extreme low flow on rivers in the Russian Plain. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., 2021, vol. 817, art. 012034. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/817/1/012034</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beran M.A., Rodier J.A. Hydrological aspects of drought. A contribution to the International Hydrological Programme. UNESCO-WMO. Vendôme. Presses Universitaires de France, 1985. 149 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Georgiadi A.G., Milyukova I.P., Kashutina E.A. Contemporary and Scenario Changes in River Runoff in the Don Basin. Water Resour., 2020, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 651–662. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0097807820060068</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Georgiadi A.G., Borodin O.O. Extreme Low Flows in Rivers of the East European Plain in the 19th–21st Centuries // IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 2022. Vol. 1023. P. 012011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1023/1/012011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Georgievskii V.Yu., Golovanov O.F., Shalygin A.L. Land water systems. In Vtoroi otsenochnyi doklad Rosgidrometa ob izmeneniyakh klimata i ikh posledstviyakh na territorii Rossiiskoi Federatsii [The Second Assessment Report of Roshydromet on Climate Change and Its Consequences on the Territory of the Russian Federation]. Moscow: Rosgidromet, 2014, pp. 350–361. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Georgiadi A.G., Groisman P.Y. Extreme Low Flow during Long-Lasting Phases of River Runoff in the Central Part of the East European Plain // Water. 2023. № 15. P. 2146. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15122146</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hasrul H.H., Siti F.M.R., Nur S.M., Asmadi A. Research trends of hydrological drought: A systematic review. Water, 2019, no. 11, art. 2252. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112252</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Georgiadi A.G., Kashutina E.A. Hydroclimate Characteristics of Extreme Droughts Observed on the Russian Plain since the 1970s // Arid Ecosyst. 2021. № 11. P. 117–123. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079096121020050</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kireeva M.B., Frolova N.L., Winde F., Dzhamalov R.G., Rets E.P., Povalishnikova E.S., Pakhomova O.M. Low flow on the rivers of the European part of Russia and its hazards. Geogr., Environ., Sustain., 2016, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 33–47. https://doi.org/10.15356/2071-9388_04v09_2016_03</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Georgiadi A.G., Milyukova I.P., Borodin O.O. Spatial and temporal correlation between severe droughts and extreme low flow on rivers in the Russian Plain // IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 2021. Vol. 817. P. 012034. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/817/1/012034</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuzin P.S., Babkin V.I. Geograficheskie zakonomernosti gidrologicheskogo rezhima rek [Geographical Patterns of the Hydrological Regime of Rivers]. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1979. 200 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Georgiadi A.G., Milyukova I.P., Kashutina E.A. Contemporary and Scenario Changes in River Runoff in the Don Basin // Water Res. 2020. Vol. 47. № 6. P. 651–662. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0097807820060068</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Milyukova I., Georgiadi A., Borodin O. Long-term changes in water flow of the Volga basin rivers. E3S Web Conf., 2020, vol. 163, art. 05008. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016305008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hasrul H.H., Siti F.M.R., Nur S.M., Asmadi A. Research Trends of Hydrological Drought: A Systematic Review // Water. 2019. № 11. P. 2252. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112252</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pettitt A.N. A non-parametric approach to the change- point problem. J. R. Stat. Soc., C: Appl. Stat., 1979, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 126–135.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kireeva M.B., Frolova N.L., Winde F., Dzhamalov R.G., Rets E.P., Povalishnikova E.S., Pakhomova O.M. Low flow on the rivers of the European part of Russia and its hazards // Geography, Environment, Sustainability. 2016. Vol. 9. № 4. P. 33–47. https://doi.org/10.15356/2071-9388_04v09_2016_03</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strashnaya A.I., Maksimenkova T.A., Chub O.V. Agrometeorological features of the 2010 drought in Russia compared to droughts of previous years. Tr. Gidromettsentra, 2011, no. 345, pp. 171–188. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Milyukova I., Georgiadi A., Borodin O. Long-term changes in water flow of the Volga basin rivers // E3S Web Conf. 2020. Vol. 163. P. 05008. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016305008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vladimirov A.M. Stok rek v malovodnyi period goda [River Flow During Low-Water Periods of the Year]. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1976. 295 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pettitt A.N. A non-parametric approach to the changepoint problem // J. of the Royal Statistical Society. Ser. C (Applied Statistics). 1979. Vol. 28. № 2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zolotokrylin A.N., Vinogradova V.V., Meshcherskaya A.V., Strashnaya A.I., Cherenkova E.A. Droughts and desertification. In Vtoroi otsenochnyi doklad Rosgidrometa ob izmeneniyakh klimata i ikh posledstviyakh na territorii Rossiiskoi Federatsii [The Second Assessment Report of Roshydromet on Climate Change and Its Consequences on the Territory of the Russian Federation]. Moscow: Rosgidromet, 2014, pp. 551–587. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
