sergeogrИзвестия Российской академии наук. Серия географическаяIzvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya2587-55662658-697510.31857/S2587556624040041RQFVAXsergeogr-2793Research ArticleПРИРОДНЫЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ И ДИНАМИКА ГЕОСИСТЕМNATURAL PROCESSES AND DYNAMICS OF GEOSYSTEMSВлияние возделываемых культур и удобрений на дыхание почвы (Длительный опыт Тимирязевской сельскохозяйственной академии)Influence of Cultivated Crops and Fertilizers on Soil Respiration (Long-Term Field Experiment of Timiryazev Agricultural Academy)СуховееваО. Э.SukhoveevaO. E.

Москва

Moscow

olgasukhoveeva@gmail.comРыжовА. В.RyzhovA. V.

Москва

Moscow

ПочикаловА. В.PochikalovA. V.

Москва

Moscow

КарелинД. В.KarelinD. V.

Москва

Moscow

ЗаверткинИ. А.ZavertkinI. A.

Москва

Moscow

НиколаевВ. А.NikolaevV. A.

Москва

Moscow

Институт географии Российской академии наукРоссияInstitute of Geography, Russian Academy of SciencesRussian FederationРоссийский государственный аграрный университет – МСХА им. К.А. ТимирязеваРоссияRussian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural AcademyRussian Federation202408032025884508520Copyright © Суховеева О.Э., Рыжов А.В., Почикалов А.В., Карелин Д.В., Заверткин И.А., Николаев В.А., 20252025Суховеева О.Э., Рыжов А.В., Почикалов А.В., Карелин Д.В., Заверткин И.А., Николаев В.А.Sukhoveeva O.E., Ryzhov A.V., Pochikalov A.V., Karelin D.V., Zavertkin I.A., Nikolaev V.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://izvestia.igras.ru/jour/article/view/2793

Исследование посвящено оценке влияния возделываемых культур и вносимых удобрений на дыхание почвы – самый мощный поток СО2 из наземных экосистем в атмосферу. В качестве объекта выступал Длительный полевой опыт Тимирязевской сельскохозяйственной академии, где для проведения измерений были выбраны ключевые культуры Нечерноземья – озимая рожь, ячмень, картофель, а также чистый пар, которые включены в севооборот с известкованием и внесением различных вариантов удобрений. Измерения проводились методом закрытых динамических камер с помощью портативных инфракрасных газоанализаторов с мая 2023 по апрель 2024 г. Они были разделены на две серии: вегетационный период и период с оголенной почвой, границей между которыми служила вспашка. При сопоставлении дыхания почвы за вегетационный период по отдельным делянкам было получено, что для большинства из них характерен большой разброс значений, а скорости эмиссии СО2 статистически не отличаются. Выявленные для некоторых делянок зависимости дыхания почвы от температуры воздуха и влажности почвы не носят всеобщий характер. Двухфакторный дисперсионный анализ показал значимое влияние культуры и удобрений на дыхание почвы по отдельности, но несущественность их совместного воздействия. Скорость эмиссии СО2 из почвы закономерно возрастала по вариантам: без удобрений < NPK < NPK + навоз, а при осреднении по культурам увеличивалась в ряду картофель < чистый пар < ячмень < озимая рожь. Для содержания органического углерода и общего азота в почве выявленные последовательности повторялись для вариантов удобрений и не повторялись для культур, где более важными факторами были признаны предшественник в севообороте и положение участка в микрорельефе. В период с оголенной почвой осреднение проводилось по вариантам удобрений, значимых различий между которыми не было выявлено, а по количественным оценкам дыхание почвы под снежным покровом было ниже в 10‒20 раз, чем в вегетационный период.

The study is devoted to assessing the impact of cultivated crops and applied fertilizers on soil respiration— the most intensive CO2 flux from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere. The object was the Long-term field experiment of the Russian State Agrarian University–Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, where the main crops of the Non-Chernozem zone—winter rye, barley, potato, and bare fallow, which are included in crop rotation with liming and application of different fertilizers variants—were selected for measurements. They were carried out by the method of closed dynamic chambers with portable infrared gas analyzers from May 2023 to April 2024. They were divided into two series: vegetation period and period with bare soil, the boundary between which was plowing. Comparing soil respiration during the growing season for individual plots, it was found that most of them were characterized by a wide range of values, and the CO2 emission rates were not statistically different. The dependence of soil respiration on air temperature and soil moisture revealed for some plots is not universal. Two-way analysis of variance showed a significant effect of crop and fertilizer on soil respiration separately, but insignificance of their cumulative effect. The rate of CO2 emission from the soil naturally increased in the variants: no fertilizer < NPK < NPK + manure, and when averaged over crops increased in the sequence potato < fallow < barley < winter rye. For soil organic carbon and total nitrogen content, the identified sequences were repeated for fertilizer variants and were not repeated for crops where the predecessor in the crop rotation and the position of the plot in the microrelief were found to be more important factors. During the period with bare soil, averaging was carried out for fertilizer variants, no significant differences were found between them, and quantitative esti- mates of soil respiration under snow cover were 10‒20 times lower than in the vegetation period.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.