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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sergeogr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия Российской академии наук. Серия географическая</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-5566</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6975</issn><publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7868/S2658697525050017</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sergeogr-3014</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕОРИЯ И МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ ГЕОГРАФИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Theory and Methodology of Geography</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Методы моделирования связей в сетях городов: расстояние, гравитация, радиация (на примере США)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modeling Connections in Urban Networks: Distance, Gravity, Radiation (the Case of the USA)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дохов</surname><given-names>Р. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dokhov</surname><given-names>R. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dokhov@geogr.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Топников</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Topnikov</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волошок</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Voloshok</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Кафедра социально-экономической географии зарубежных стран географического факультета МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова; Институт географии РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University; Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт географии РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>89</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>685</fpage><lpage>698</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дохов Р.А., Топников М.А., Волошок А.С., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дохов Р.А., Топников М.А., Волошок А.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dokhov R.A., Topnikov M.A., Voloshok A.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://izvestia.igras.ru/jour/article/view/3014">https://izvestia.igras.ru/jour/article/view/3014</self-uri><abstract><p>Сетевая революция вдохнула новую жизнь в исследования узловых пространственных структур. Если данные о самих центрах и их характеристиках чаще всего доступны, то данные о связях по-прежнему относительно редки, в особенности при необходимости рассмотрения динамики сети за длительное время. Это делает актуальным рассмотрение различных подходов к моделированию связей между точками с известными атрибутами. Такие подходы можно сгруппировать в три направления: на основе ближайшего соседства, гравитационные и радиационные модели. Первые два получили довольно широкое распространение в общественной географии, пространственной экономике и региональных исследованиях, тогда как радиационные модели предложены чуть более десятилетия назад и остаются малоизвестными. Интенсивность связей в сетях городов понимается нами как потенциальный объем многообразных отношений между ними. На материалах городов США под данным 2010 г. построено три варианта сетей. Показаны географические и структурные различия, проведены количественные сравнения. Метод ближайших соседей позволяет легко выделить основные линии раздела в сети городов и показать главные урбанизационные градиенты, но не позволяет установить силу связей и упускает их множественность. Гравитационная модель зависит от калибровки параметра трения пространства и приоритизирует связи между сближенными крупными городами, а также восходящие связи между средними городами и их ближайшим крупным соседом, подчеркивая иерархичность городских сетей. Радиационная модель дает больший вес связям между сближенными городами сходной людности и показывает меньший диапазон силы связей, подчеркивая плоский характер онтологии сети. Реальные взаимодействия между городами могут приближаться к разным теоретическим состояниям и совместно формировать интегральную конфигурацию связей в сети.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The network revolution has breathed new life into the study of spatial nodal structures. While data on the centers and their characteristics are often available, data on connections are still relatively rare, especially when it is necessary to consider network dynamics over a long period of time. This makes it relevant to consider various approaches to modeling connections between points with known attributes. Such approaches can be grouped into three: nearest neighbor, gravity, and radiation models. The first two have become quite widespread in human geography, spatial economics and regional studies, while radiation models were proposed just over a decade ago and remain little known. We understand the volume of connections in urban networks as the potential volume of diverse flows between them. We model the US urban network for 2010 in three variants. Then we focus on geographical and structural differences and provide some quantitative comparisons. The nearest neighbor method makes it easy to identify the main dividing lines in the urban network and show the main urbanization gradients, but does not allow one to evaluate the strength of connections and misses their multiplicity. The gravity model depends on the calibration of the distance decay parameter and prioritizes links between nearby large cities as well as upward links between medium-sized cities and their nearest large neighbor, emphasizing the hierarchy of urban networks. The radiation model gives more weight to links between nearby cities of similar sizes and shows a smaller range of link strengths, emphasizing the “flat” nature of the network ontology.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>урбанистика</kwd><kwd>США</kwd><kwd>городские системы</kwd><kwd>сетевые модели</kwd><kwd>метод Эллиота</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>urban studies</kwd><kwd>USA</kwd><kwd>urban systems</kwd><kwd>network models</kwd><kwd>cardinal places</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">В статье представлены результаты научно-исследовательской работы, выполненной в рамках государственного задания на географическом факультете МГУ имени М.В. 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