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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">sergeogr</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Известия Российской академии наук. Серия географическая</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2587-5566</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2658-6975</issn><publisher><publisher-name></publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7868/S2658697526010126</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">sergeogr-3102</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ВНУТРИГОРОДСКИЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ РАЗВИТИЯ: НОВЫЕ И СТАРЫЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ИССЛЕДОВАНИЮ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTRACITY DEVELOPMENT ISSUES: NEW AND TRADITIONAL RESEARCH APPROACHES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Социально-экологическая дифференциация окраинных районов городов-миллионников Республики Казахстан</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Socio-Ecological Differentiation of the Development of Urban Fringe of Million-Plus Cities in the Republic of Kazakhstan</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акынжанов</surname><given-names>Т. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akynzhanov</surname><given-names>T. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Астана</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Astana</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">akynzhanovtb@my.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Битюкова</surname><given-names>В. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bityukova</surname><given-names>V. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">v.r.bityukova@geogr.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова, Казахстанский филиал</institution><country>Казахстан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University, Kazakhstan Branch</institution><country>Kazakhstan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова, географический факультет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Geography</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>90</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title>Города на пути из настоящего в будущее</issue-title><fpage>167</fpage><lpage>179</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Акынжанов Т.Б., Битюкова В.Р., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Акынжанов Т.Б., Битюкова В.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Akynzhanov T.B., Bityukova V.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://izvestia.igras.ru/jour/article/view/3102">https://izvestia.igras.ru/jour/article/view/3102</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье предложена методика выделения и оценки окраинных районов городов-миллионников Казахстана. Окраины формируются в результате хаотичной экспансии городского центра и сохранения унаследованных объектов, как естественных, способствующих улучшению экологической ситуации, так и антропогенно-преобразованных с разной степенью экологической напряженности. На первом этапе выполнена делимитация городской окраины, определяемой как полоса между административной границей города (с учетом фактической застройки) и внутренней границей, выделенной по индексу разнообразия землепользования (энтропии Шеннона). На втором этапе проведена сопряженная типология интегральных индексов плотности социальной инфраструктуры и экологической ситуации, которая выявила асимметричное развитие окраин и центральных районов городов-миллионников Казахстана, когда развитие территорий с низким уровнем одного показателя компенсируется высоким уровнем другого. Более 70% территории окраин (на которых проживает 50% населения) характеризуется благоприятными экологическими условиями и недостаточно развитой социальной инфраструктурой. В центральных частях распространены типы высокого уровня развития социальной инфраструктуры. Их окружают раздробленные районы, где экологическая напряженность определяется влиянием промышленности и транспорта, а социальная инфраструктура недостаточно развита. Промышленное воздействие снижается повсеместно, но дезинтеграция промышленных зон активно идет в Алматы, в Астане данный процесс только начинается, в Шымкенте пока еще не начат. Поляризация интегрального индекса плотности социальной инфраструктуры характерна для окраин Алматы и Астаны, в Шымкенте его значения однородны и минимально отличаются от городского центра. Наибольшее разнообразие характерно для территорий нового и быстрого освоения в Астане, наименьшее — при интеграции старых пригородов в городскую черту в Шымкенте. Улучшение интегрального индекса экологической ситуации от центра к периферии и значительное разнообразие в уровне экологического благополучия от очень низкого до очень высокого — универсальные свойства городских окраин.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article proposes a methodology for delineating and assessing the urban fringe of Kazakhstan’s millionplus cities. These fringes emerge as a result of the chaotic expansion of the urban core and the persistence of inherited features—both natural, which contribute to improving the environmental situation, and anthropogenically transformed, exhibiting varying degrees of environmental stress. At the first stage the urban fringe was delimited as the zone between the administrative boundaries of the city (adjusted for actual built-up areas) and the inner boundary identified using the land use diversity index (Shannon entropy). At the second stage, a combined typology of composite indices for social infrastructure density and environmental conditions was developed. This typology revealed asymmetric development between the fringes and central districts of Kazakhstan’s million-plus cities where areas with a low level of one indicator are often compensated by a high level of the other. More than 70% of the fringe territory (50% of the population) is characterized by favorable environmental conditions but underdeveloped social infrastructure. In central areas, high levels of social infrastructure predominate, surrounded by fragmented zones where environmental stress is determined by industrial and transport influence, while social infrastructure remains insufficiently developed. Industrial impacts are generally declining; however,  industrial zone disintegration is actively progressing in Almaty, has only recently begun in Astana, and has not yet started in Shymkent. Polarization of the composite social infrastructure density index is characteristic of the fringes in Almaty and Astana, whereas in Shymkent it is more homogeneous and minimally different from the urban core. The greatest diversity is observed in newly and rapidly developed areas of Astana and the least—in the integrated former suburban areas of Shymkent. Improvement of the composite environmental index from the center toward the periphery, along with substantial variation in environmental well-being levels from very low to very high, are universal features of the urban fringe.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>городская окраина</kwd><kwd>территориальная дифференциация</kwd><kwd>социальная инфраструктура</kwd><kwd>экологическая ситуация</kwd><kwd>интегральный индекс</kwd><kwd>типология</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>urban fringe</kwd><kwd>spatial differentiation</kwd><kwd>social infrastructure</kwd><kwd>environmental conditions</kwd><kwd>composite index</kwd><kwd>typology</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абилов А.Ж., Кусаинова Г.К., Махрова А.Г. Социологические исследования при анализе формирования городских агломераций Казахстана (на примере Астаны) // Вестн. Моск. ун-та. 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