Specificity of Soil Formation on Derivatives of Mafic Rocks in Western Transbaikalia

The parent materials of most soils in the Transbaikalia region are products of the weathering of granitoids. Mafic and intermediate rocks in Transbaikalia occupy about 20% of the territory. Age, the particularities of their weathering, involvement in soil formation and lateral transport under the conditions of permafrost and deep-freezing have specific features that have greatly affect soil properties and the soil cover formation. Therefore, it is important to establish the peculiarities of soil formation on the derivatives of the main rocks in the region. Under the influence of permafrost, a study of soils on siallitic (eluvial and accumulative) weathering crusts of fine granulometric composition Cambrian metaeffusive rocks showed that Eutric Cryosols (Loamic, Luvic) are formed on eluvium in the southern Vitim Plateau mountain-taiga landscapes. It is characterized by the coarse humus accumulation, weak podzolization, lessivage and cryogenic aggregation. Humus mull is formed, calcium accumulates, and clay fraction occurs redistribution in geochemically subordinate intermountain depressions. This leads to the Eutric Chernozems Саlcaric formation with the frost cracks presence. In the northern part of the Selenga Highlands, the Jurassic basalts weathering products have a sandy-silt composition. Under cryoxerophytic steppe communities in conditions of arid climate and prolonged freezing, active accumulation of humus occurs, and at the foot, accumulation of carbonates occurs. Short-profile Skeletic Leptosols (Siltic, Humic) are formed on the eluvium, and Cryoaridic Soils with carbonate dripstone films in the lower part of the profile are formed on the adjacent plain.

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