Interaction of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors in Landscape Development of Razdolnaya River Basin, Primorye

Landscapes’ development in the Razdolnaya River Basin in the Starorechensky hillfort vicinity was reconstructed. Fragmentary data for the middle Holocene phase (~5.9 cal. ka) were obtained, in detail the reconstruction was carried out for the last 2.5 cal. ka. The development of landscapes took place in contrasting climatic conditions, moisture changed the most strongly. Five stages of the valley development under different humidity were reconstructed. The sections include buried soil formed in the droughty period in the second half of the late Holocene. At this time, steppe sagebrush, mixed herbs grasslands and birch woodlands were widespread. Climate in the late 7th-10th centuries gradually became warmer and more humid. Decrease of the temperature, with high humidity in the Little Ice Age with a constant renewal of the substrate on the floodplain during floods, led to an increase in areas occupied by Betula ovalifolia communities. The role of Pinus densiflora and birches increased in the mountain forests. Correlation of paleogeographic events with regional data is carried out. The role of the anthropogenic factor in the development of landscapes during the settlement of the valley by the Bohai agriculturalists, the first settlers of the 19th-beginning of 20th centuries and the development of modern agro-complexes was analyzed.

1. Ablaev A.G., Vasil’ev I.V. Miotsenovaya kraskinskaya flora Primor’ya [Miocene Kraskino Flora of the Primorye]. Vladivostok: Dal’nauka Publ., 1998. 107 p.

2. Agroklimaticheskie resursy Primorskogo kraya [Agroclimatic Resources of the Primorye]. Leningrad: Gidro-meteoizdat Publ., 1973. 148 p.

3. Bazarova V.B., Lyashchevskaya M.S., Makarova T.R., Orlova L.A. Environments of the middle-late Holocene sedimentation in the river flood-plains of the Prikhan-ka Plain (south Far East). Tikhookean. Geol., 2018, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 94-105. (In Russ.).

4. Bolikhovskaya N.S., Voskresenskaya T.N., Muratova M.V. On stratigraphy and paleogeography of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits of Primorye. In Geokhro-nologiya chetvertichnogo perioda [Quaternary Geochronology]. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1980, pp. 254-258. (In Russ.).

5. Bugdaeva E.V., Markevich V.S. Plant feedstock of the Cretaceous unique coals of Lipovetsky coal field of the Southern Primorye. Vestn. DVO, 2009, no. 6, pp. 35-42. (In Russ.).

6. Budishchev A.F. Description of the forests in the southern part of Primorsky region. In: Lesa Dal’nego Vostoka glazami pervoprokhodtsev [Forest of Far East through the Eyes of Pioneers]. St. Petersburg: D.F. L’vov Publ., 2016, pp. 25-384. (In Russ.).

7. Busse F.F. Pereselenie krest’yan morem v Yuzhno-Ussu-riiskii krai v 1883-1893godakh s kartoyu [The Resettle ment of Peasants by Sea to the Southern Part of the Ussuri Region in 1883-1893 With Map]. St. Petersburg: Obshchestv. Pol’za Publ., 1898, vol. IV. 165 p.

8. Gartsman B.I., Mezentseva L.I., Popova N.Y., Sokolov O.V., Menovshchikova T.S. Conditions of generation of extremely high water content of Primorye rivers in autumn-winter 2012. Russ. Meteorol. Hydrol., 2014, no. 4, pp. 77-92.

9. Gosudarstvo Bokhai (698-926 gg.) i plemena Dal’nego Vostoka Rossii [The State of Balhae (698-926) and the Tribes of the Far East of Russia]. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1994. 219 p.

10. Karasev M.S., Gartsman B.I. Prognozantropogennoidi-namiki ruslovykh protsessov malykh i srednikh rek Pri-morskogo kraya v usloviyakh khozyaistvennogo osvoeniya ikh dolin [Forecast of Anthropogenic Dynamics of Channel Processes of Small and Medium-sized Rivers in Primorsky Krai in Conditions of Economic Development of their Valleys]. Vladivostok: Dal’nauka Publ., 2002. 48 p.

11. Kolesnikov B.P. Rastitel’nost’. In Dal’nii Vostok [Far East]. Moscow: Izd-vo USSR Academy of Science, 1961, pp. 183-245.

12. Kopoteva T.A., Kuptsova V.A. Fire in waterlogged open larch forests in the Amur River area. Vestn. SVNTs DVO RAN, 2011, no. 3, pp. 37-41. (In Russ.).

13. Korotkii A.M. Geograficheskie aspekty formirovaniya subfossil’nyk'h sporovo-pyl’tsevykh kompleksov (yug Dal’nego Vostoka) [Geographical Aspects of the Formation of Subfossil Pollen Complexes (the South of the Far East)]. Vladivostok: Dal’nauka Publ., 2002. 271 p.

14. Korotkii A.M., Grebennikova T.A., Pushkar’ V.S., Razzhigaeva N.G., Volkov V.G., Ganzei L.A., Mokho-va L.M., Bazarova V.B., Makarova T.R. Climatic changes in the territory of the South of the Far East at Late Pleistocene-Holocene. Vestn. DVO RAN, 1997, no. 3, pp. 121-143. (In Russ.).

15. Korotkii A.M., Grebennikova T.A., Karaulova L.P., Belyanina N.I. Lacustrine transgressions in the late Ce-nozoic Ussuri-Khanka depression (Primor’e). Russ. J. Pacific Geol., 2007, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 53-68.

16. Krestov P.V., Verkholat V.P. Redkie rastitel’nye soobsh-chestva Primor’ya i Priamur’ya [Rare Plant Communities of Primorye and the Amur Region]. Vladivostok: Dal’nevost. Otd. Akad. Nauk, 2003. 200 p.

17. Kryukov N.A. Ocherk sel’skogo khozyaistva v Primorskoi oblasti [Essay on Agriculture in the Primorsky Region]. St. Petersburg: V. Bezobrazov i K Publ., 1893. 170 p.

18. Kudryavtseva E.P., Bazarova V.B., Lyashchevskaya M.C., Mokhova L.M. Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisifo-lia): the present-day distribution and the presence in the Holocene deposits of Primorsky krai (south of the Russian Far East). Komarovskie Chteniya, 2018, vol. 66, pp. 125— 146. (In Russ.).

19. Men’shchikov A. Materialy po obsledovaniyu krest’yanskikh khozyaistv Primorskoi oblasti. Starozhily stodesyatinniki (opisanie selenii) [Materials on the Survey of the Peasant Farms in the Primorsky region. Old-timers Stodesyatinniki (Description of Settlements)]. Saratov: Gubernskoe Pravlenie, 1912, vol. 4. 575 p.

20. Mikhailik T.A., Tishchenko P.Y., Koltunov A.M., Tishchenko P.P., Shvetsova M.G. The effect of Razdol’naya River on the environmental state of Amur Bay (the Sea of Japan). Water Resour., 2011, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 474-484.

21. Mikishin Yu.A., Petrenko T.I., Orlova L.A. Paleogeog-raphy of the Khanka Lake in late Holocene. Nauchn. obozrenie, 2007, no. 2, pp. 7-13. (In Russ.).

22. Nikulina T.V. Diatom communities of Razdolnaya River (Primorye territory). Chteniya Pamyati V.Ya. Le-vanidova, 2003, no. 2, pp. 254-262. (In Russ.).

23. Pavlyutkin B.I., Petrenko T.I. Stratigrafiya paleogen-chetvertichnykh otlozhenii Primor’ya [Stratigraphy of Paleogene-Quaternary Deposits in Primorye]. Vladivostok: Dal’nauka Publ., 2010. 164 p.

24. Petrenko T.I. Mikishin Yu.A., Belyanina N.I. Sub-fossil pollen-spore complexes of Khanka Late flatland in Primorsky Krai, Russia. Estestv. Tech. Nauki., 2009, no. 4, pp. 162-171. (In Russ.).

25. Razzhigaeva N.G., Ganzei L.A., Mokhova L.M., Pan-ichev A.M., Kudryavtseva E.P., Arslanov Kh.A., Maksimov F.E., Starikoiva A.A. The development of landscapes of the Shkotovo Plateau in the Late Holocene. Izv. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Geogr., 2016, no. 3, pp. 65-80. (In Russ.).

26. Razzhigaeva N.G., Ganzey L.A., Grebennikova T.A., Kopoteva T.A., Klimin M.A., Panichev A.M., Kudryavtseva E.P., Arslanov Kh.A., Maksimov F.E., Petrov A.Yu. Paleoflood records within Sikhote-Alin foothills during last 2.2 ka. Izv. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Geogr., 2019, no. 2, pp. 85-99. (In Russ.).

27. Resolutions and Materials of the 3rd Territorial Meeting of Land Workers of the Far East Region: November 21-30, 1926. Khabarovsk: Knizhnoe Delo Publ., 1927. 141 p. (In Russ.).

28. Elbakidze E.A. The extent of the Japan Sea Holocene ingression in Southern Primorye from the diatom analysis data. Tikhookean. Geol., 2014, vol. 33, no 2, pp. 102-108. (In Russ.).

29. Chen Y., Hind D.J.N. Heliantheae. In Flora of China, vol. 20-21: Asteraceae. Beijing: Sci. Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press, 2011, vol. 20-21. pp. 852-878.

30. Jia W. Transition from Foraging to Farming in Northeast China. Sydney: Univ. of Sydney, 2005. 256 p.

31. Stebich M., Rehfeld K., Schluetz F., Tarasov P.E., Liu J., Mingram J. Holocene vegetation and climate dynamic of NE China based on the pollen record from Si-hailongwan Maar Lake. Quat. Sci. Rev., 2015, vol. 124, pp. 275-289.