Green and Digital Economy as a Means for Sustainable Development of Urban Areas

The article proposes an original typology of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030, which allows formulating through other SDGs methods and criteria for sustainable development of cities (SDG-11). Due to digitalization, all of the 10 branches of the green economy can give breakthrough effects in ensuring the sustainable development of urbanized territories. Although elements of the green economy are historically organic to Russian urbanization, it is not possible to solve the main problem of sustainable development of Russian modern spatial development—the growing contradictions between the trends of hyperconcentration of population and economy in a small (for the size of Russia) number of megacities and their critical deconcentration on the periphery—on the existing technological basis. Nevertheless, the consistent implementation of technological capabilities based on the integration of digital and green economies creates opportunities for significant productivity growth in infrastructure and production sectors of cities and development of knowledge economy and experience economy, while improving the quality of the urban environment and the quality of urban life and achieving sustainable development. A consistent and balanced multi-scale spatial-temporal and functional polarization of urbanized territories is an adequate form of implementation of this technological order. It allows on the basis of deepening the geographical labor division and coordination of the turnover of material, natural and human capital to solve the problems of sustainable spatial development of Russia by harmonizing its environmental, economic and social components. The principles of spatial-temporal, morphological and functional polarization are manifested in various spatial levels. With the development of indicators’ set and the expansion of the statistical base for the analysis of the green economy, the spread of smart city technologies and lifecycle management of land use, the constructive-geographical, project approach in urban planning, in ensuring the sustainable development of cities and agglomerations in Russia will become as familiar as the prevailing research approach.

1. Bobylev S.N., Minakov V.N., Solov’eva S.V., Tret’ya-kov V.V Ekologo-ekonomicheskii indeks regionov RF. Metodika i pokazateli dlya rascheta [Ecological and Economic Index of thr Russian Regions. Methodology and Indicators for Calculation]. WWF Rossii, RIA No-vosti, 2012. 150 p.

2. Volkova I.N. Socio-economic problems of reproduction of natural resources in the development of regions. In Prirodopol’zovanie v territorial’nom razvitii sovremen-noi Rossii (Pamyati G.A. Privalovskoi) [Nature Management in the Territorial Development of Modern Russia (in Memory of G.A. Privalovskaya)]. Volkova I.N., Klyuev N.N., Eds. Moscow: Media-Press Publ., 2014, pp. 38-82. (In Russ.).

3. Voprosy ekonomicheskogo raionirovaniya SSSR. Sbornik materialov i statei (1917—1929 gg.) [Problems of Economic Zoning of the USSR. Collection of Materials and Articles (1917—1929)]. Krzhizhanovskii G.M., Ed. Moscow: Gos. Izd-vo Polit. Literatury Publ., 1957. 343 p.

4. Vyzovy XXI veka: priroda, obshchestvo, prostranstvo. Ot-vet geografov stran SNG [Challenges of the XXI Century: Nature, Society, Space. The Response of the Geographers of CIS]. Moscow: KMK Publ., 2012. 337 p.

5. Gradostroitel’stvo Sibiri [The City Planning in Siberia]. Tsarev V.I., Ed. St. Petersurg: Kolo Publ, 2011. 784 p.

6. Dmitriev M.E., Chistyakov P.A., Romashina A.A. The role of spatial policy in acceleration of economic growth. Obshchestv. Nauki i Sovremennost’, 2018, no. 5, pp. 31-47. (In Russ.). doi 10.31857/S086904990001496-7

7. Doklad o chelovecheskom razvitii v Rossiiskoi Federatsii za 2016 god. Tseli ustoichivogo razvitiya OON i Rossiya [2016 Report on Human Development in the Russian Federation. The Goals for Sustainable Development, the UN, and Russia]. Bobylev S.N., Grigor’ev L.M., Eds. Moscow: Analiticheskii Tsentr pri Pravitelstve RF, 2016. 298 p.

8. Doklad o chelovecheskom razvitii v Rossiiskoi Federatsii za 2017god. Ekologicheskie prioritety dlya Rossii [2017 Report on Human Development in the Russian Federation. Environmental Priorities for Russia]. Bobylev S.N., Grigor’ev L.M., Eds. Moscow: Analiticheskii Tsentr pri Pravitelstve Rf, 2016. 292 p.

9. Zelenaya ekonomika Rossii — novye investitsionnye voz-mozhnosti [Green Economy of Russia - New Investment Opportunities]. Ernst & Young, March 2017.

10. Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015: Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Available at: https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/70/1 (accessed: 04.01.2020).

11. Kondrat’ev N.D. Rynok khlebov i ego regulirovanie vo vremya voiny i revolyutsii [The Bread Market and its Regulation during the War and Revolution]. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 1991. 487 p.

12. Kossiiakoff A., Sweet W.N., Seymour S.J., Biemer S.M. Systems Engineering: Principles and Practice. Moscow: John Wiley & Sons, 2011, 2nd ed. 560 p.

13. Kotlyakov V.M., Tishkov A.A. Strategy of sustainable development of Russia at the beginning of the 21st century: innovative factors and place of geographical forecast. Innovatsii, 2009, no. 9, pp. 74-81. (In Russ.).

14. Kurilov V.N. About some regularities of development of the Siberian city of the XVII century. In Sibirskie goroda XVII — nachala XIXveka [Siberian Cities ofXVII — Beginning of XIX Century]. Novosibirsk: Nauka Publ., 1981, pp. 109—118. (In Russ.).

15. Losev K.S. Forest fires in Russia: climatic or anthropogenic challenge? In VyzovyXXIveka:priroda, obshchest-vo, prostranstvo. Otvet geografov stran SNG [Challenges of the XXI Century: Nature, Society, Space. The Response of the Geographers of CIS]. Moscow: KMK Publ., 2012, pp. 145—155 (In Russ.).

16. Morozov F.Ya. Creation and development of the Unified energy system of the country. In Edinaya energe-ticheskaya sistema Rossii. Vospominaniya stareishikh en-ergetikov [Unified Energy System of Russia. Memories of the Oldest Power Engineers]. Moscow: Energoat-omizdat Publ., 1998, pp. 477—495. (In Russ.).

17. Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication — A Synthesis for Policy Makers. UNEP, 2011. 44 p.

18. Perekhod k ustoichivomu razvitiyu: global’nyi, region-al’nyi i lokal’nyi urovni. Zarubezhnyi opyt i problemy Rossii [Transition to Sustainable Development at the Global, Regional and Local Levels: World Experience and Problems of Russia]. Sdasyuk G.V., Mokru-shina L.S., Eds. Moscow: KMK Publ., 2002. 444 p.

19. Ratsional’noe prirodopol’zovanie: mezhdunarodnye pro-grammy, rossiiskii i zarubezhnyi opyt [Rational Environmental Management: International Programmes, Russian and World Experience]. Moscow: KMK Publ., 2010. 412 p.

20. Reichow H.B. Avtomobil’noe dvizhenie i planirovka gorodov. Putipreodoleniya khaosa v gorodskom dvizhenii [Road Traffic and Urban Planning. Ways to Overcome Chaos in Urban Traffic]. Moscow: Stroiizdat Publ., 1964. 80 p.

21. Rifkin J. The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power Is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World. St. Martin’s Publishing Group, 2011. 304 p.

22. Rodoman B.B. Some ways to preserve the biosphere in the context of urbanization. Vestn. Mosk. Univ., Ser. 5: Geogr., 1971, no. 3, pp. 92—94. (In Russ.).

23. Rossiya i ee regiony: integral’nyipotentsial, riski, putipe-rekhoda k ustoichivomu razvitiyu [Russia and Its Regions: Integrative Potential, Risks and Ways of Sustainable Development Transition]. Moscow: KMK Publ., 2012. 490 p.

24. Savchenko A.B., Borodina T.L. City of different speeds: the way to improve the urban environment (case study of Moscow). In Polyarizatsiya rossiiskogo pros-transtva: ekonomiko-, sotsial’no- i kul’turno-geografi-cheskie aspekty [Polarization of the Russian Space: Economic, Social, Cultural, and Geographical Aspects]. Streletsky V.N., Ed. Moscow: Inst. Geogr. Akad. Nauk, 2018, pp. 274—293. (In Russ.).

25. Strategicheskie resursy i usloviya ustoichivogo razvitiya Rossiiskoi Federatsii i ee regionov [Strategic Resources and Conditions for Sustainable Development of the Russian Federation and its Regions]. Kotlyakov V.M., Tishkov A.A., Eds. Moscow: Inst. Geogr. Akad. Nauk, 2014. 166 p.

26. Treivish A.I. Gorod, raion, strana i mir. Razvitie Rossii glazami stranoveda [City, District, Country and World. The Development of Russia through the Eyes of a Country Expert]. Moscow: Novyi Khronograf Publ., 2009. 372 p.

27. Ustoichivyi rost nesyr’evogo sektora ekonomiki Rossii. Dorozhnaya karta [A Stable Growth of the Non-Resource Sector of The Russian Economy. Roadmap]. Moscow: Inst. Ekon. Rosta im. P.A. Stolypina, 2019. 579 p.

28. Federal Law No. 373—FZ “On Amendments to the City Planning Code of the Russian Federation”, 07.07.2016. (In Russ.).

29. Fedorov V.A. Peasant migrant workers in Moscow (end of XVIII — first half of XIX century.). In Russkii Gorod [Russian City]. Moscow, 1976, pp. 165—180. (In Russ.).

30. Sustainable Development Goals. The Russian Federal State Statistics Service, 2019. Available at: https://gks.ru/sdg (accessed: 04.01.2020). (In Russ.).

31. Akhtman Y. Digital Agriculture: from Theory to Practice. Moscow, May 2018 Available at: https://io-tas.ru/files/documents/country-15-may/1.4%20Yo-sef%20Akhtman%20Gamaya-May2018-Mos-cow_pdf (accessed: 04.01.2020).

32. Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017: From World Development Indicators. Washington: World Bank Group 2017. 131 p.

33. Dodge M., Kitchen R. Mapping Cyberspace. London: Routledge, 2001. 260 p.

34. Leitfaden Zwischennutzung. Mehr Chancen als Risik-en. Available at: www.areale.ch; www.zwischennutzu-ng.ch. (accessed: 04.01.2020). (In German).

35. Mayer H., Knox P.L. Slow cities: sustainable places in a fast world. J. Urban Aff., 2006, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 321— 334. doi 10.1111/j.1467-9906.2006.00298.x

36. Making Cities Resilient Report 2012. My City is Getting Ready! A Global Snapshot of How Local Governments Reduce Disaster Risk. UNISDR, 2012. Available at: https://www.unisdr.org/files/28240_rcreport.pdf (accessed: 04.01.2020).

37. Measuring Distance to the SDG Targets 2017: An Assessment of Where OECD Countries Stand. Paris: OECD Publ., 2017. 62 p.

38. Duraiappah A.K., Naeem S., Agardy T., Ash N.J., Cooper H.D., Diaz S. et al. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Biodiversity Synthesis; a Report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. World Resources Inst., 2005.

39. Savchenko A. Territorial development of Russia as a leading exporter in global raw materials markets. Reg. Res. Rus., 2013, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 142—152. doi 10.1134/S207997051302010X

40. Savchenko A., Borodina T. Rural architectural and planning forms as a source of diversity for urban environment (case study of Moscow). Europ. Countrys., 2017, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 560—576. doi 10.1515/euco-2017-0033

41. Smart City.www.cisco.com.

42. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit. http://www.sustainable-environment.org.uk