Water Resources of Rivers, Lakes and Reservoirs of Russia and Anthropogenic Impacts on Them

The article provides a comprehensive assessment of the water resources of Russia, considering the river runoff, as well as the waters of lakes and reservoirs. The assessment indicates that, with their total large quantity, they are very unevenly distributed and used over the territory and in time. Water resources for the federal subjects of the Russia are estimated. Maps of specific water availability for the federal subjects have been drawn, areas with low water availability have been identified. The recent changes occurring with water resources under the influence of anthropogenic factors and the effectiveness of their modern use are analyzed. A significant decrease in water consumption has been revealed to date compared to 1990, when it was the highest. The pollution of river and lake waters is considered. It is shown that the anthropogenic load on Russia’s water resources is generally lower than the global average, and a number of indicators of water use and water resources condition is better. A significant decrease in specific water consumption in relation to GDP in recent years has been revealed. However, in Russia there are still large volumes of unproductive water consumption, many rivers and water bodies are polluted. The hydroecological and water management situation is unfavorable in a number of regions, especially in the North Caucasus, in the lower reaches of the Volga and Don rivers. A scenario assessment of possible water consumption in the federal districts of Russia at the level of 2030-2035, combining scenarios of economic development and specific water consumption, is given. It is shown that the most acceptable scenario is one that assumes moderate economic development and a further decrease in specific water consumption. Ways to minimize the negative consequences of anthropogenic impact on water resources are outlined.

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