Water Resources and Water-Ecological Stress in the Central Federal District of Russia
https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587556621030079
Abstract
The water balance, water resources, and the hydroecological state of the territory of federal subjects (oblasts) and river basins in the Central Federal District of Russia, a region with one of the highest anthropogenic loads on the water element of the environment, are considered. Both local and total (including transboundary water flow) water resources taking into account the runoff coming from neighboring territories, were assessed. The ecological and available for use (total minus ecological) runoff, which can be used without significant damage to aquatic ecosystems, were assessed too. The amount of runoff was determined both in the average long-term aspect and in the low-water years, 75 and 95% probabilities of exceeding. It is shown that the annual normal flow for the period of the end of the 19th century–1960 is much lower than that for 1930–1980. The influence of hydrotechnical transformations and water intake for various economic needs on the amount of runoff is estimated. A significant decrease in water withdrawal after 1985 was revealed. The water-ecological stress in the region was estimated by such indicators as the water stress index, the frequency rate of wastewater dilution, irretrievable water consumption, and water quality. It is shown that the utmost hydroecological stress is observed in the Moscow Oblast, in the basins of Klyazma and Moskva rivers, especially in the Moskva River below Moscow.
Keywords
oblasts,
river basins,
water balance,
average long-term runoff,
ecological and available for use runoff,
low-water years runoff,
anthropogenic changes,
water resources quantity and quality,
water-ecological stress
Supporting agencies: The work is based on the materials of studies supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project no. 20-17-00209. The region’s water resources estimates were carried out within the framework of the state-ordered research theme of the Institute of Geography RAS no. 0148-2019-0007/АААА-А19-119021990093-8.
About the Authors
A. G. Georgiadi
Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Moscow
N. I. Koronkevich
Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Moscow
E. A. Barabanova
Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Moscow
K. S. Melnik
Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Moscow
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Review
For citations:
Georgiadi A.G., Koronkevich N.I., Barabanova E.A., Melnik K.S. Water Resources and Water-Ecological Stress in the Central Federal District of Russia. Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya. 2021;85(3):325-340. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587556621030079
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