Climate Effect of the Ili Delta Reforestation
https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587556621040051
Abstract
The scientific rationale for ecosystem-based adaptation projects is comprehensive. This work considers a set of measures aimed at preserving the ecosystems of Lake Balkhash and the Ili River that are vulnerable to current climate change. Adaptation activities, in particular, the restoration of tugai forests, are designed to increase the water-regulating and environmental-forming functions of the Ili River Delta, which will increase the stabilization of the water regime of Lake Balkhash and the resilience of its ecosystems to any climate change scenarios in the region. In addition, forest plantations will accumulate carbon in pools of phytomass, deadwood, litter, and soil. The paper describes the calculation methodology, which makes it possible to predict carbon uptake by the pool of phytomass of the planted forests using fragmentary data on the dynamics of taxation indicators. The obtained values of carbon absorption by the tree phytomass are applied to reforestation scenarios that set the rate of reforestation by tree species. According to the forecasts received, reforestation in the Ili River Delta on the area of 200 thous. ha over 30 years will lead to the accumulation of 7 Mt C by tree phytomass, which corresponds to a normalized absorption of 1.15 t C/ha/year. The mitigation effect of the project is quite sufficient to have independent value.
Keywords
climate change,
ecosystem-based adaptation,
Lake Balkhash,
Ili River Delta,
reforestation,
tree phytomass,
carbon sequestration,
forecast analysis,
climate projects
Supporting agencies: The research was carried out with the support of WWF Russia (remote sensing analysis, glaciers, and hydrology), within the framework of the state-ordered research themes no. AAAA-A20-120070990079-6 of the Izrael Institute of Global Climate and Ecology and no. AAAA-A18-118052590019-7 of the Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences (forecast calculations), and with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation, project no. 19-77-30015 (carbon sequestration by forest plantations).
About the Authors
O. N. Lipka
Izrael Institute of Global Climate and Ecology
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Moscow
D. G. Zamolodchikov
Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Moscow
V. V. Kaganov
Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Moscow
G. A. Mazmaniants
WWF Russia – Central Asian Programme
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan
Almaty
M. V. Isupova
Water Problems Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Moscow
A. A. Aleinikov
SKANEKS GROUPS
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
Moscow
References
1. Atlas funktsional’nogo zonirovaniya Balkhashskogo raiona Almatinskoi oblasti [Atlas of Functional Zoning of the Balkhash District of the Almaty Region]. Astana: PROON, 2016. 64 p.
2. Atlas mirovogo vodnogo balansa [The Atlas of World Water Balance]. Moscow–Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat Publ., 1974. 65 p.
3. Baikenova G.G., V’yukhina A. Ecological problems of Lake Balkhash. In Ekologicheskie problemy regiona i puti ikh razresheniya [Ecological Problems of the Region and Ways to Solve Them]. Omsk: Omsk. Gos. Tekhn. Univ., 2018, pp. 256–260. (In Russ.).
4. Davidov M.V. Growth and productivity of the plantations of the willow (Salix alba L.). Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Lesnoi Zh., 1962, no. 5, pp. 9–14. (In Russ.).
5. Dolgushin L.D., Osipova G.B. Ledniki [Glaciers]. Mos-cow: Mysl’ Publ., 1989. 447 p.
6. Ezhegodnyi byulleten’ monitoringa sostoyaniya i izmeneniya klimata Kazakhstana: 2017 god [Annual Bulletin of the Monitoring of the Climate State and Change in Kazakhstan: 2017]. Astana: Kazgidromet, 2018. 60 p.
7. Forests and Water Valuation and Payments for Forest Ecosystem Services. Geneva: FAO, UNECE, 2018. 108 p.
8. Galaeva А.V. Change in the flow of the Ili River in the section from the gauging section 164 km upstream of the Kapshagai hydroelectric power station to the Kapshagai valley. Vestn. KRSU, 2014, vol. 14, no. 7, pp. 93–95. (In Russ.).
9. Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry. IPCC, 2003. Available at: https://www.ipcc–ghnggip.iges.or.jp/public/gpglulucf/gpglulucf_languages.html (accessed: 08.07.2020).
10. Gorobets A.I., Tarankov V.I., Sizykh V.N. Comparative assessment of carbon sequestration and oxygen-producing functions of oak and willow. Lesnoi Vestn., 2009, no. 3, pp. 43–48. (In Russ.).
11. Guo L., Xia Z. Temperature and precipitation long-term trends and variations in the Ili-Balkhash Basin. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 2014, vol. 115, pp. 219–229. doi 10.1007/s00704-013-0883-3
12. Ili River Delta and South Lake Balkhash. Ramsar Sites Information Service, 2012. Available at: https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2020 (accessed: 08.07.2020).
13. Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) – 2009– 2012 version. Ili River Delta and South Lake Balkhash. Date this sheet was completed/updated: May 16, 2011. Available at: https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RIS-rep/KZ2020RIS.pdf (accessed: 08.07.2020).
14. IPCC Climate Change and Land: an IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, And Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Shukla P.R., Skea J., CalvoBuendia E., Masson-Delmotte V., Pörtner H.-O., Roberts D.C., Zhai P., Slade R., Connors S., van Diemen R., Ferrat M., Haughey E., Luz S., Neogi S., Pathak M., Petzold J., Portugal Pereira J., Vyas P., Huntley E., Kissick K., Belkacemi M., Malley J., Eds. 2019. Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/srccl/ (accessed: 14.05.2021).
15. Isupova M. V. The effects of the Ili River runoff and water regulation function of the delta on the changing water level of Balkhash Lake depending on the delta forest coverage. Water Resour., 2019, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. S29–S42.
16. Loni A., Radnezhad H., Martynova-Van Kley A., Hassanvand A., Sadeghi, M., Zaremanesh H. The role of Haloxylon plantations in improving carbon sequestration potential of sand dunes of Iran. Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res., 2018, vol. 16 (1), pp. 321–333.
17. Mikhailov V.N. Ust’ya rek Rossii i sopredel’nykh stran: proshloe, nastoyashchee i budushchee [River Mouths of Russia and Neighboring Countries: Past, Present, and Future]. Moscow: GEOS Publ., 1997. 413 p.
18. Muratchaeva P.M.-S. Monitoring of growth and condition of tree species inartificial plantings of Terek-Kuma lowland. Arid. Ekosist., 2014, vol. 20, no. 1 (58), pp. 39–44. (In Russ.).
19. Nasynbaev E. The chinese experience of forest planting on saline lands will be applied around Astana. Today.kz, 30 May, 2016. Available at: http://today.kz/news/zhizn/2016-05-30/718441-vokrug-astanyi-budetprimenen-kitajskij-opyit-lesoposadok-na-zasolennyih-zemlyah/ (accessed: 08.07.2020). (In Russ.).
20. Popova V.P., Shivareva S.P., Domran A.O. The water balance of Lake Balkhash for the period from 2000 to 2009. Gidrometeorol. Ekol., 2010, no. 4, pp. 92–100. (In Russ.).
21. Sed’moe natsional’noe Soobshchenie i tretii dvukhgodichnyi Doklad Respubliki Kazakhstan Ramochnoi konventsii OON ob izmenenii klimata [Seventh National Communication and Third Biennial Report of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change]. Astana, 2017. 302 p. Available at: http://sustainable.eep.kz/upload/RUS_Saulet_Report_12-2017_RUS.pdf (accessed 08.07.2020). (In Russ.).
22. Shivareva S.P., Galaeva A.V. Analysis of runoff changes in the Ili River Basin on the territory of Kazakhstan and China due to climate change. Gidrometeorol. Ekol., 2014, no. 1, pp. 68–80. (In Russ.).
23. Sipovich V.V. Study of the turanga plantations growth rate. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Lesnoi Zh., 1963, no. 2, pp. 27–29. (In Russ.).
24. Starodubtsev V.M., Truskavetskiy S.R. Desertification processes in the Ili River delta under anthropogenic pressure. Water Resour., 2011, vol. 38, pp. 253. doi 10.1134/S0097807811010167
25. Suganuma H., Ito T., Tanouchi H., Egashira Y., Kurosawa K., Kojima T. Estimation of carbon sequestration potential of arid land afforestation using satellite image analysis and ground truth. J. Arid Land Stud., 2012, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 69–72.
26. Utkin A.I., Zamolodchikov D.G., Gul’be T.A., Gul’beYa.I. Allometric equations for phytomass according to pine, spruce, birch and aspen trees in the European part of Russia. Lesovedenie, 1996, no. 6, pp. 36–46. (In Russ.).
27. Zamolodchikov D.G. Assessment of the carbon pool of large wood residues in the forests of Russia, taking into account the effects of fires and logging. Lesovedenie, 2009, no. 4, pp. 3–15. (In Russ.).
28. Zamolodchikov D.G., Kaganov V.V., Lipka O.N. Potential carbon absorption by tree-stand phytomass in the course of tugai forest restoration. Contemp. Probl. Ecol., 2020, vol. 13, pp. 720–729. doi 10.1134/S1995425520070148
29. Zhang Y.-Q., Liu J.-B., Jia X., Qin S.-G. Soil organic carbon accumulation in arid and semiarid areas after afforestation: a meta-analysis. Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 2013, vol. 22, no. 2, pр. 611–620.
30. Zhou W., Gong P., Gao L. A review of carbon forest development in China. Forests, 2017, vol. 8, pp. 295. doi 10.3390/f8080295
31. Zhou X., Brandle J.R., Schoeneberger M.M., Awada T. Developing above-ground woody biomass equations for open-grown, multiple-stemmed tree species: Shelterbelt-grown Russian-olive. Ecol. Model., 2007, vol. 202, nos. 3–4, pp. 311–323. doi 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.10.024
Review
For citations:
Lipka O.N., Zamolodchikov D.G., Kaganov V.V., Mazmaniants G.A., Isupova M.V., Aleinikov A.A. Climate Effect of the Ili Delta Reforestation. Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya. 2021;85(4):579-594. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587556621040051
Views:
441
Email this article 
