Graphical Representation of the State Statistics in Albums and Atlases of the Second Half of the 19th Century

There are still scantily explored areas in the history of geography. This includes a graphical representation of statistical data on maps currently associated with thematic cartography. The period of origin of this direction is of particular interest because of the relevance of this tool in scientific knowledge, in the popularization of knowledge, in education, in management, etc. The article deals with the issues of visualization of official statistics of Russia, European states, and the United States in statistical atlases and albums of graphic statistics. Attention is focused on the period of the birth of thematic mapping of statistical data, or rather, on the second half of the 19th century. The author compares these forerunners of national atlases according to the chronology and novelty of the use of graphic tools. These are quantitative icons, cartograms, cartodiagrams, and f low charts, based on scale strips. These publications are considered from the point of view of the art of cartography, considering the ease of reading and the aesthetics of visual perception. A wide range of topics, artfulness of execution, and a variety of cartographic material characterize the publications of France, the United States, and Russia. The result was a confirmation of the high level of development of Russian thematic cartography in comparison with foreign ones. For example, the Economic and Statistical Atlas of European Russia, which became the first economic atlas, or the Timiryazev statistical Atlas, which enriched science with an innovative approach. This study shows the features of the formation of statistical atlases and albums of graphic statistics, the reasons for their appearance, and perspective for further development. These publications are the forerunners of national atlases, in which the object of mapping is the state itself.

1. Chernitsova O.V. Konstantin Stepanovich Veselovskiy. To the 200th anniversary of his birth. Izv. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Geogr., 2019, no. 1, pp. 118–127. (In Russ.). doi 10.31857/S2587-556620191118-127

2. Eckert M. Die kartenwissenschaft: Forschungen und Grundlagen zu einer Kartographie als Wissenschaft. Berlin/Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter & Co, 1921, vol. 1. 640 p.

3. Faure F. The development and progress of statistics in France. In The History of Statistics: Their Development and Progress in Many Countries. New York: Macmillan, 1918, pp. 218–329.

4. Friendly M. The golden age of statistical graphics. Stat. Sci., 2008, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 502–535. doi 10.1214/08STS268

5. Funkhouser H.G. Historical development of the graphical representation of statistical data. Osiris, 1937, vol. 3, part 1, pp. 269–404.

6. Imhof E. Cartographic Relief Presentation. Berlin/N.Y.: Walter de Gruyter, 2007.

7. Kocsis K., Nemerkényi Z., Zentai L., Gercsák G. The new National Atlas of Hungary – volume Natural Environment. In Proc. 29th Int. Cartographic Conf. (ICC 2019), 2019, vol. 2, pp. 1–7. doi 10.5194/ica-proc-2-64-2019

8. König O. Retro-atlases II: a new edition of the first Statistical Atlas of Switzerland (1897). In Abstracts of the ICA, 2019, vol. 1, 183. doi 10.5194/ICA-abc-1-183-2019

9. Laptev V.V. Russkaya infografika [Russian Infographics]. St. Petersburg: Politekhn. Univ., 2018. 399 p.

10. Laptev V.V. Thematic cartography as the special direction of information design. Mezhdunar. Zh. Issled. Kul’tury, 2014, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 85–92. (In Russ.).

11. Loskutova M.V. “Information about climate, soil, mode of economy and dominant plants should be collected…”: enlightened bureaucracy, Humboldt science and local knowledge in the Russian Empire of the second quarter of the 19th century. Ab Imperio, 2012, no. 4, pp. 111– 156. (In Russ.).

12. Natsional’nye atlasy. Istoriya, analiz, puti sovershenstvovaniya i unifikatsii [National Atlases. History, Analysis, Ways of Improvement and Unification]. Salishchev K.A., Ed. Moscow: Mosk. Gos. Univ., 1960. 152 p.

13. Nusrat S., Kobourov S. The state of the art in cartograms. Computer Graphics Forum, 2016, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 619–642. doi 10.1111/cgf.12932

14. Palsky G. Connections and exchanges in European thematic cartography. The case of 19th century choropleth maps. Belgeo. Revue belge de géographie, 2008, nos. 3– 4, pp. 413–426. doi 10.4000/belgeo.11893

15. Palsky G. Origines et évolution de la cartographie thématique (XVIIe–XIXe siècles). Revista da Faculdade de Letras – Geografia I série, 1998, vol. 14, pp. 39–60.

16. Polyan P.M. Dasimetric maps of V.P. Semenov-TyanShansky and their prospects in the information field of the XXI century. Izv. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Geogr., 2012, no. 6, pp. 98–106. (In Russ.).

17. Postnikov A.V. Vasiliy Vasilyevich Dokuchayev and his predecessors in the development of soil cartography in Russia. In Istoriya nauk o Zemle [History of Earth Sciences]. Moscow: Akkolit Publ., 2017, vol. 6, pp. 245–249. (In Russ.).

18. Preobrazhenskii A.I. Russkie ekonomicheskie karty i atlasy [Russian Economic Maps and Atlases]. Moscow: Geografgiz Publ., 1953. 330 p.

19. Prokhorova E.A. Socio-economic maps in the system of in- formation support of science and practice. In Sovre- mennaya geograficheskaya kartografiya [Modern Geo- graphic Cartography]. Lur’e I.K., Kravtsova V.I., Eds. Moscow: Data+ Publ., 2012, pp. 122–132. (In Russ.)

20. Prokhorova E.A., Tulskaya N.I. The use of thematic maps of different eras in the training of cartographic students. Geodeziya i Kartografiya, 2019, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 58–67. (In Russ.). doi 10.22389/0016-7126-2019-943-1-58-67

21. Robinson A.H. The 1837 maps of Henry Drury Harness. Geogr. J., 1955, vol. 121, pp. 440–450.

22. Scribner’s Statistical Atlas of the United States, Showing by Graphic Methods Their Present Condition and Their Political, Social, and Industrial Development. N.Y.: C. Scribner & Sons, 1883. 151 p.

23. Tikunov V.S., Yanvareva L.F. The history and current state of thematic mapping in Russia. Eur. Geogr. Stud., 2017, no. 4(1), pp. 43–58. doi 10.13187/egs.2017.1.43

24. Time for Mapping. Cartographic Temporalities. Lammes S., Perkins C., Gekker A., Hind S., Wilmott C., Evans D. Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press, 2018. 272 p.

25. Yanvareva L.F. Thematic maps of the XVII–XIX centuries. Izv. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Geogr., 2012, no. 2, pp. 132–141. (In Russ.).

26. Yatsunsky V.K. The Russian ministry of the interior’s un-published statistical atlas of 1850 compiled by N.A. Mi- lyutin. Cartographica, 1975, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 115–119. doi 10.3138/L75X-1G77-VT75-1N81