Moscow’s Industrial Zones in the 2010–2020s: An Environmental Vector

The article provides an assessment of sectoral and territorial changes in the industry of Moscow. According to the SPARK database, the analysis of images and field observations and data from Moskgorstat author revealed that the trend of deindustrialization of Moscow, dominant in the post-Soviet period, was replaced by a complex multi-vector process when the closure of enterprises and a change in the function of industrial zones were combined with the trend of reindustrialization as a result of the emergence of small and smallest enterprises producing computers, electrical engineering, refrigeration equipment. Moscow’s industry has become more diverse, and the long-term formation of industrial zones has been replaced by a trend of their disintegration, three quarters of enterprises are located outside industrial zones, but since large enterprises inherited from previous periods are concentrated in industrial zones, their contribution to the city’s emissions is 70%. The geographical projection of reindustrialization leads to a change in the territorial structure of Moscow’s industry. Industrial zones in the central part of the city and with the specialization on machinery industry have been completely renovated, industry has partially been preserved in industrial zones with an advantageous transport and geographical location, where enterprises serving the transport infrastructure of the city, food processing plants, and the printing industry have been preserved. The closure of enterprises continued during 2018–2022, when they lost more than half of their employees, production volumes and emissions into the atmosphere also decreased. The peripheral industrial zones near the Moscow Automobile Ring Road (MKAD) have been preserved to the greatest extent, which are most effective due to the proximity of the combined heat and power plants, with large enterprises of the construction industry, food industry, and oil refining. They are characterized by changes in pollution in proportion to the volume of production for industrial zones specializing in the food industry. Industrial zones specializing in oil refining and the construction materials industry in recent years have been characterized by an increase in pollution at a higher rate than industrial production. The decline in pollution with an increase in production is typical for new small enterprises in industrial zones of the second type.

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