Geopolitics and Political Geography in Russia: Global Context and National Characteristics

Against the backdrop of global trends, the main directions, methodological approaches, and the most striking research results in the field of geopolitics and political geography in 2011–2021 are considered. Political geography is being widely integrated with adjacent scientific areas. Russian political geography and, to a much lesser extent, geopolitics are based on a wide range of concepts known in world literature. Researchers in these areas are promptly responding to current foreign policy and other challenges, including the coronavirus pandemic. Particular attention is being paid to geopolitical publications about the pivot of Russian foreign policy to the East and the Greater Eurasia concept. Since the 2010s, the theory of critical geopolitics has become more widespread in Russia, operating not with speculative reasoning, but with large amounts of information analyzed by modern quantitative methods. The flow of studies of state borders and frontiers is growing. In such publications, a large place is occupied by works devoted to the growing gradients in the pace and directions of economic development between former USSR countries. Shifts in the topic of border studies are associated with the deeper study of security issues. Many works reflect the desire to preserve the positive experience of cross-border cooperation between Russian and European partners in a deteriorating environment. The greatest number of Russian publications on regionalization at different spatial levels involve the Baltic Basin. There is a growing body of research on territorial conflicts and separatism. Russian geographers and representatives of related sciences have made a significant contribution to studying the problems of uncontrolled territories and unrecognized (partially recognized) post-Soviet states. Conflicts around unrecognized (partially recognized) states in the post-Soviet space are considered in relation to their internal differences, complex composition, vicissitudes of formation and identity of the population, influence on neighboring regions of Russia and in historical retrospect.

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