Based on an analysis of 1700 companies’ documents, the cataloging of Russian aircraft enterprises was carried out, and aircraft enterprises’ production links were determined. The “snowball” method was used to compile the registry of aircraft factories. There were identified partners and competitors of the members of the “Union of Aircraft Manufacturers of Russia.” For each of them, partners and competitors were determined again. The iterations were repeated until new enterprises appeared in the register. The evolution stages of the industry territorial structure and the current trends of its transformation are reflected. The article shows a change in the role of some placement factors: an increase in the importance of the labor factor while reducing the importance of the infrastructure factor. The “coefficient of involvement” of enterprises in the aircraft industry is calculated. Territorial and sectoral differences in the value of this coefficient are analyzed: its maximum values fall on the upper floors of production chains and the eastern regions of Russia–the location of flagship assembly plants. A series of maps reflecting the territorial structure of the industry and its dynamics have been compiled. The territorial structure of industrial relations of aircraft companies has been established. It has a pronounced centripetal character: 3/5 of all relations are carried out with the Moscow metropolitan region. Based on the analysis of the enterprises’ placement pattern and the structure of their relations, aircraft zoning was performed. There are defined specialization and characteristic features of the 10 districts territorial structure: the Capital District specializes in R&D, the Western District specializes in avionics and repair, the Chernozem District–in avionics and aircraft assembly, the Southern District–in R&D and helicopter construction, the Volga, Baikal, and Far Eastern districts–in the assembly of aircraft and helicopters, the Northern and Ob districts–on aggregates and motors, the Ural District–on materials, parts, and motors.

At the end of the 20th – beginning of the 21st century world beauty and personal care industry underwent dramatic territorial-structural changes. Among the main factors of that changes were R&D progress and institutional changes in the global economy. The main shifts in the geography of the beauty and personal care industry and its international trade in the context of the globalization of its manufacturing and commodity marketing are discussed. One of the consequences of these shifts is the formation of new growth poles of the world beauty and personal care industry—Asian growth pole led by China (since 2010 it has been ranked second in the world in terms of production after the United States), the Republic of Korea and India (in 2015, it has been ranked 8th and 9th place in the world in terms of production, respectively, overtaking Italy) and Latin American growth pole led by Brazil (since 2014 it has been ranked 4th in terms of production after Japan, overtaking France). The main trends in the development of the international division of labor in the beauty and personal care industry were revealed: an increase in the role of developing countries in the world beauty and personal care market, including an increase in the share of developing countries in the group of net exporters of perfumery and cosmetic products; smoothing out differences in the intra-sectoral specialization of countries of various types; “regionalization” of the specialization of perfumery and cosmetic production; transformation of the commodity structure of perfumery and cosmetic products international trade, etc.

The article analyzes the particularities of organic agriculture development in Russia and its geographical patterns. Unlike European countries, large investors were the first to develop organic agriculture in Russia; the main motives of these pioneers were related to issues of healthy food and, to a lesser extent, environmental or social issues. From the approach of theory of diffusion of innovations, the development of organic agriculture in Russia is in its early stages. Nevertheless, the number of farms and lands under organic agriculture is growing steadily, service industries and distribution channels are being formed, and an institutional environment in the form of associations and national legislation has been created. In the spatial distribution of organic enterprises, there is a dependence on natural conditions and the agrarian history of the territory. Processing enterprises tend to cluster in the Moscow region as the largest sales market. The possibilities of expanding organic agriculture in mountainous rural areas are considered. In the last sections authors discuss potential socio-ecological effects of organic agriculture for maintaining the resilience of rural areas in Russia.

The ethnic transformation that followed the collapse of the USSR affected a large part of its former territory. The main feature of the post-Soviet ethnic transformation is the rapid decline in the share of the Russian population. To assess the degree of ethnic transformation of the post-Soviet space at the regional level, the method is proposed that considers the multidirectional dynamics of the share of the two main components of the population ethnic structure of most regions—the Russian population and the titular nations of states, as well as republics and national autonomies of Russia. The result of the study is a classification of regions of post-Soviet countries. In total, there are six main classes of regions that have experienced the “most radical,” “radical,” “strong,” “significant,” “small,” and “minimal” ethnic transformation. The last two regions’ groups in Russia are also divided into subgroups, where the ethnic transformation is determined by a decrease or increase in the Russian population share. The group of regions with ethnic transformation “special type” is singled out separately, where the growth of the titular population share is not associated with a drop in the Russians share. This category of regions includes unrecognized and partially recognized republics, where there was a significant non-titular population outflow as a result of military conflicts.

The paper is devoted to regional features of the development of inbound tourism in six post-Soviet de facto states–Abkhazia, Nagorno-Karabakh, Transnistria, South Ossetia, and Donetsk and Lugansk people’s republics. The authors consider territorial structures of tourism in these republics, the relevant quantitative indicators, and dynamics. The current state of these republics’ tourism sectors has been assessed using SWOT analysis methods focusing on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that hinder the tourism business development. Special attention is paid to the group of those republics (Abkhazia, Transnistria, and Nagorno-Karabakh before 2020) where tourism was developed better than in other cases due to both their accumulated tourism potentials and available resources and relatively stable military and political conditions. For these republics, inbound tourism is an important source of income and a means to enhance one’s external legitimacy. Inbound tourism potentials of other post-Soviet de facto states (South Ossetia, Donetsk, and Lugansk people’s republics, and also the Nagorno-Karabakh after the 2020 war) are greatly limited by their weak recreation and financial resources, high risks of political and economic destabilization, and external threats. As opposed to tourism development prospects for internationally recognized states, similar prospects for de facto states are largely determined by security issues and the risk of resumption of hostilities. The comparison of the tourism business in post-Soviet recognized states with similar businesses in other de facto states made it possible to identify similar groups distinguished by common types of tourism, kinds of tourist attractors, contributions of tourism to national GDPs, and by numbers of received tourists. In Abkhazia, Palestine, and Northern Cyprus the most widespread kinds of tourism are beach and cultural tourism that annually attract 1 to 2 million of tourists, who usually come from a neighbor recognized state for a one-day tour. Tourism in Transnistria and Kosovo is less popular: cultural attractions of each of the two republics are visited by some 25 thousand tourists per year. Finally, in Donetsk and Lugansk people’s republics, Azad Kashmir, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, and Nagorno-Karabakh (after the 2020 war) only extreme and military tourisms are developed because of unstable military and political conditions, while the number of tourists does not exceed 1 thousand per year.

This paper is concerned with the definition of the transitional climate zone of the Russian North through a complex of climate indicators and characteristics of the underlying surface, and its monitoring in the summer period based on the gradient analysis. The European part of Russia and Western Siberia north of 56° N are explored. These regions were determined by a cyclonic activity in Arctic front and notable cyclone repeatability in the summer period. The transitional climate zone in the Russian North can be identified by one or two indicators. On adjacent areas, these indicators can alternate and complement each other. Two key regions are distinguished on this territory. They are well defined by most of the parameters. One of these regions is situated in the northeast of the European part of Russia (Bolshezemelskaya and Yamalskaya tundras); it is determined by the cyclonic activity in Arctic front. It differentiates by areas with maximal gradients of temperature, humidity ratio, evapotranspiration (Ev), and NDVI, which are situated in 66°–67° N (landscapes of southern tundra, forest tundra, and border of northern taiga). The second key region is in the middle taiga zone of Western Siberia (62°–63° N), where the increased cyclone repeatability influences it, and it is characterized by horizontal contrasts of temperature, humidity ratio, NDVI and Ev. Here a zone of maximal gradients of Ev, and NDVI stretches between Ob and Yenisei rivers, strengthening in some areas. There is no significant trend of localization of the transitional climate zone on its indicators. According to climate conditions, maximal gradients of parameters can strengthen or weaken.

Factors of the natural and geographical environment indirectly affecting the economic space structure, the cost of living, and the development conditions of any Arctic city in the cryolithozone are considered. Three groups of factors are identified based on modern ideas about the characteristic time of changes in various natural and environmental components, and taking into account the scale of transformational consequences: inert (territory biogeochemical specialization, nature of permafrost distribution for the next 25–30 years), relatively inert/poorly changing (territory dissection, direction, and speed of Earth’s crust vertical movements, permafrost iciness, thermal discomfort, biologically active ultraviolet radiation deficit, atmospheric pressure variability, the atmosphere self-purification potential) and dynamic (water supply, average annual temperature of permafrost at the base of the layer of annual fluctuations, capacity of the layer of seasonal freezing and thawing, runoff of suspended sediment, subject to the development of small or medium rivers’ water catchment, biological productivity of landscapes). These factors affect the weakening of the resilience of Arctic cities, and their importance is enhanced by rapid climate changes and changing intensity of anthropogenic load. To assess the impact of these factors on the Arctic cities development and comparison of their values in the dynamics of the proposed indicators—areal assessment of the thermodenudation processes prevalence, gully network density, runoff, frequency and duration of flooding, changes in indices of thermal comfort, number of endemic diseases and their dynamics, dynamics of population morbidity in conjunction with the calculated value of the air pollution potential, biological productivity of landscapes and tendencies of its change in relation to the dynamics of indicators of the structure of the underlying surface’s heat balance. These indicators can be a component of the developed index of Arctic cities’ resilience. The analyzed factors are considered in the concept of resilience, which is used as a base for analyzing systems that develop under increased environmental risks conditions.

The species of algae listed in the national and regional Red Data Books were analyzed. Currently, 265 algae species are protected in the Russian Federation, of which 35 species have federal protection status and 259 species have a regional status. It was determined that the percentage of all protected species of algae in the total diversity of algae in Russia is ~2.3% (for protected species at the federal level 0.3% and the regional level 2.2%). Habitats of 77% of the total algae species diversity listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation are concentrated in the Far East of Russia, and 46% are found in the coastal sea area of the representativeness of the existing system of protected areas to algae protected at the federal level is 74%. An assessment of the species diversity of systematic groups of protected algae has been carried out. 66.7% of species protected at the federal level are Rhodophyta; 8.6%, Chlorophyta; 5.7%, Charophyta; and 20.0%, Phaeophyceae; among the species protected at the regional level, 18.5% are Cyanobacteria; 25.1%, Rhodophyta; 10.8%, Chlorophyta; 21.6%, Charophyta; 12.4%, Phaeophyceae; 1.5%, Xanthophyceae; 1.2%, Chrysophyceae; 8.5%, Bacillariophyta; and 0.4%, Haptophyta. The locations of all algae species listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation and the quantitative composition of various systematic groups of algae species listed in regional red lists are displayed on the maps. The cartographic material demonstrates the irregularity of the spatial distribution of protected at the federal and regional levels algae species in Russia. The northwestern part of the European part of Russia, the Far East and Black Sea regions stand out by protected species diversity. Algae are not listed in the regional Red Data Books of the 50 subjects of the Russian Federation. The problems of algae red lists compilation are considered. The attention is focused on the extreme importance of the regional red lists formation.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the relationship between the toponymy of the Lake District (Northwestern Russia) and the hydrogeological features of the region. Usually, the main semantic groups of toponyms are toponyms, reflecting natural features and formed from anthroponyms. This makes old toponyms extremely valuable material for historical geography, helping to understand both the features of region development and to represent landscapes in the historical past. The features of the geological structure and groundwater of the area are vivid signs of each region and extremely important for the landscapes’ formation, and thereby influence toponyms’ formation. No one has studied this issue in detail. The described area is located northwest of the East European Platform. One of the striking geological and hydrogeological features of the area is two regions presence (in the area northern and southern parts), characterized by the karst springs development. There is a unique area of unloading of sulfate-calcium composition brackish waters in the region’s central part. Many highly mineralized springs are associated with this zone. The authors studied medieval Tax Census books and ancient maps of these lands as a source of toponymic material. The analysis showed that hydrogeological features were actively considered in the nomination since the Middle Ages while forming toponyms from outdated appellatives; the factor determining the nomination was not just the sources’ presence, but also their nature.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, many toponymic studies have focused on critical and political approaches, making critical and political toponymy relevant directions for the toponomastic studies. Using wider development of critical social theory, specialists have achieved significant success in explaining the motives and assumptions associated with place names. This led to an understanding of the processes related to the revision of some nominative trends. Hispanic place names, possessing the richest potential for research in general, eagerly respond to attempts of analyzing them through the prism of mentioned directions. The article presents the first results of the consideration of Hispanic place names by means of critical toponymic and political toponymic approaches. The author tries to define critical toponymy and political toponymy as scientific directions of onomastics, to designate a vector for activities within the framework of these academic aspects. The article provides information on general trends inherent to the critical and political perspectives of toponymic studies, and also concludes that not all previously described phenomena in this research field belong to Hispanic geographical names, while a number of trends are not included in the general list at all. The emphasis is placed on the frequent interweaving of critical and political toponymy in the study of urban nomenclature changes, and an explanation is given for such processes. As a proof, the author cites many examples of naming and renaming of Hispanic toponymic units and concludes on the prospects for further scientific research in the framework of critical and political toponymy.

The article discusses the main stages of the systems approach evolution in geography. The interrelation of the evolution of system geospatial representations with the development of system concepts in natural science, philosophy, the general theory of systems, and new general scientific system models is shown. The main trajectory of the movement of ideas in a systematic study of geospace from abstract system representations of the interconnectedness of natural and social structures to complex, concrete, cybernetic, and post-cybernetic, complex geosystem models is investigated. The formation of the concept of “geosystem” and the development of geosystem discourse in Soviet geography are analyzed. The main system-forming factors, structures, and processes in models of cybernetic geosystems, their strengths and weaknesses are demonstrated. The modern stage of geosystem approach development is characterized. The post-cybernetic geosystem models properties, the growth of “soft factors” value (discursive context, dominant narratives) in their evolution are considered. A model of a “social and natural” geosystem is proposed. The possible prospects for the further geosystems evolution based on the social and natural structures co-evolution are shown.